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Chapter 22: Problem 27
Which ion channel must accommodate the larger cation, a potassium or a sodium ion channel?
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What is the difference between an essential element and a nonessential element?
The \(K_{\mathrm{sp}}\) of actual tooth enamel is reported to be \(1 \times 10^{-58}.\) a. Does this mean that tooth enamel is more soluble than pure hydroxyapatite \(\left(K_{\mathrm{sp}}=2.3 \times 10^{-59}\right) ?\) b. Does the measured value of \(K_{\mathrm{sp}}\) for tooth enamel support the idea that tooth enamel is a mixture of hydroxyapatite, \(\mathrm{Ca}_{5}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{3}(\mathrm{OH}),\) and a calcium phosphate \(\mathrm{Ca}_{8}\left(\mathrm{HPO}_{4}\right)_{2}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{4} \cdot 6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\left(K_{\mathrm{sp}}=1.1 \times 10^{-47}\right) ?\) c. Calculate the solubility in moles per liter of \(\mathrm{Ca}_{8}\left(\mathrm{HPO}_{4}\right)_{2}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{4} \cdot 6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\left(K_{\mathrm{sp}}=1.1 \times 10^{-47}\right) \mathrm{in}\) water at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
In the following pairs, which element is more abundant in the human body? (a) \(\mathrm{H}\) or \(\mathrm{Si} ;\) (b) Ca or \(\mathrm{Fe} ;\); \(\mathrm{c}\) ) \(\mathrm{N}\) or \(\mathrm{Cr}.\)
All of the group 16 elements form compounds with the generic formula \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{E}(\mathrm{E}=\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{Se}, \text { or } \mathrm{Te}) .\) Which compound is the most polar? Which compound is the least polar?
What are the likely signs of \(\Delta S\) and \(\Delta G\) for the dissolution of tooth enamel?
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