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Causal relationships are potentially useful for which component of a time series?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Answer

Casual relationships forecasting involves using independent variables other than time to predict future demand.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of forecast errors

In casual relationship forecasting, to be worthy of forecasting, any variable must be a number one indicator.

For example, we will expect that an extended period of rain will increase sales of umbrellas and raincoats. The rain causes the sale of rain gear. This can be a causal relationship, where one occurrence causes another.

02

Implications do forecast errors have for the statistical forecasting models

All forecast contains some errorswhether the model is simple or sophisticated because the forecast is a prediction of the long run supported by past data. Forecast errors are often caused by changes in conditions that generated the past data.

As an example, an economic recession could change the demand certainly of unnecessary products.

Fact that every forecast models have some error, regardless of what a forecaster does, they will not predict all events within the future which can cause demand to fluctuate.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Palin’s Muffler Shop has one standard muffler that fits a large variety of cars. The shop wishes to establish a periodic review system to manage the inventory of this standard muffler. Use the information in the following table to determine the optimal inventory target level (or order-up-to level).

Annual demand

3,000 mufflers

Ordering cost

\(50 per order

The standard deviation of daily demand

6 mufflers per working day

Service probability

90%

Item cost

\)30 per muffler

Lead time

2 working days

Annual holding cost

25% of the item value

Working days

300 per year

Review period

15 working days

a. What is the optimal target level (order-up-to level)?

b. If the service probability requirement is 95 percent, the optimal target level [your answer in part (a)] will (select one):

I. Increase.

II. Decrease.

III. Stay the same.

Question: In the following MRP planning schedule for Item J, indicate the correct net requirements, planned order receipts, and planned order releases to meet the gross requirements. Lead time is one week.

Week Number

Item J012345
Gross Requirement

75
5070
On-hand40




Net Requirement





Planned order receipt





Planned order release





Mark Price, the new productions manager for Speakers and Company, needs to Find out which variable most affects the demand for their line of stereo speakers. He is uncertain whether the unit price of the product or the effects of increased marketing are the main drivers in sales and wants to use regression analysis to figure out which factor drives more demand for its particular market. Pertinent information was collected by an extensive marketing project that lasted over the past 10 years and was reduced to the data that follow:

Year

Sales/unit

(Thousands)

Price/unit

Advertising

1998

400

280

600

1999

700

215

835

2000

900

211

1100

2001

1300

210

1400

2002

1150

215

1200

2003

1200

200

1300

2004

900

225

900

2005

1100

207

1100

2006

980

220

700

2007

1234

211

900

2008

925

227

700

2009

800

245

690

a. Perform a regression analysis based on these data using Excel. Answer the following questions based on your results.

b. Which variable, price or advertising, has a larger effect on sales and how do you know?

c. Predict average yearly speaker sales for Speakers and Company based on the regression results if the price was \(300 per unit and the amount spent on advertising (in thousands) was \)900

Daily demand for a certain product is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. The supplier is reliable and maintains a constant lead time of 5 days. The cost of placing an order is \(10 and the cost of holding inventory is \)0.50 per unit per year. There are no stockout costs, and unfilled orders are filled as soon as the order arrives. Assume sales occur over 360 days of the year. Your goal here is to find the order quantity and reorder point to satisfy a 90 percent probability of not stocking out during the lead time.

a. What type of system is the company using?

b. Find the order quantity.

c. Find the reorder point.

Question: The following tabulations are actual sales of units for six months and a starting forecast in January.


ACTUAL
FORECAST
January
100
80
February
94

March
106

April
80

May
68

June
94

a. Calculate forecasts for the remaining five months using simple exponential smoothing with α= 0.2.

b. Calculate MAD for the forecasts.

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