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Chapter 3: Problem 8

Identify the key events during meiosis that result in a \(50 \%\) reduction in the amount of genetic material per cell.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Meiosis starts by duplicating one diploid cell (two sets of chromosomes) then proceeds through two round of cellular division (meiosis I and II). In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material before being separated, resulting in two haploid cells. In meiosis II, these two haploid cells are further divided without replicating the DNA. The main events enabling a 50% reduction of genetic material are the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I, and the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II. Thus, the resulting cells contain half the original number of chromosomes.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Start State

Meiosis starts with a diploid cell, this is a cell where DNA has been copied and contains two complete sets of chromosomes.
02

Prophase I

During the Prophase I, homologous chromosomes begin to pair up in a process called synapsis, forming a structure known as a tetrad. This is a crucial stage, as it allows for crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This process also helps to increase genetic variation.
03

Metaphase I

During Metaphase I, the paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up along the metaphase plate.
04

Anaphase I

In Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell. At this stage, sister chromatids remain together.
05

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

During Telophase I, nuclear envelopes form around the separated chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis, resulting in two haploid cells.
06

Meiosis II

Meiosis II, proceeds similarly to mitosis. In prophase II, the nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes condense. During metaphase II, the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, and in anaphase II, sister chromatids are pulled apart. Finally, during telophase II, nuclear envelopes reform, and cytokinesis divides the cells, resulting in four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Assuming that such a fly would be viable, what would be the sex of a fruit fly with the following chromosomal composition? A. One \(X\) chromosome and two sets of autosomes B. Two X chromosomes, one \(Y\) chromosome, and two sets of autosomes C. Two \(\mathrm{X}\) chromosomes and four sets of autosomes D. Four \(\mathrm{X}\) chromosomes, two \(\mathrm{Y}\) chromosomes, and four sets of autosomes

The process of binary fission begins with a single mother cell and ends with two daughter cells. Would you expect the mother and daughter cells to be genetically identical? Explain why or why not.

A cell has four pairs of chromosomes. Assuming that crossing over does not occur, what is the probability that a gamete will contain all of the paternal chromosomes? If \(n\) equals the number of chromosomes in a set, which of the following expressions can be used to calculate the probability that a gamete will receive all of the paternal chromosomes: \((1 / 2)^{n},(1 / 2)^{n-1}\), or \(n^{1 / 2}\) ?

Nine-banded armadillos almost always give birth to four offspring that are genetically identical quadruplets. Explain how you think this happens.

Describe the cellular differences between male and female gametes.
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