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Chapter 15: Q15.5-1CC (page 311)

Gene dosage鈥攖he number of copies of a gene that are actively being expressed鈥攊s important to proper development. Identify and describe two processes that establish the proper dosage of certain genes.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The two processes that establish the proper dosage of certain genes are inactivation of an X chromosome in females and genomic imprinting. The dosage of a gene is particularly dealt with the copies of the gene present in the entire genome.

Step by step solution

01

Description of gene expression

Genes are basic hereditary segments present in the DNA. The proper expression of the genome is necessary for the effective functioning of the body's metabolism. Genes are converted into protein, for which proper loading of gene dosage is necessary.

02

Description of gene dosage

The quantity of gene products expressed by the cell is known as gene dosage. It can change due to the insertions or deletions in the entire genome, leading to copy number variations.

The variation in the number of copies of a gene happens in different organisms. The drastic change in gene dosage is the basis for certain types of disease.

03

Processes responsible for the establishment of gene dosage

X chromosomes inactivation and genome imprinting are the processes responsible for establishing gene dosage. The X chromosome is the same in males and females, but it is maintained in males due to the X chromosome inactivation.

X chromosomes present in the cells other than egg cells are inactivated randomly or permanently.

Genomic imprinting determines the gene's ability that is passed from the parents to the offspring. Usually, the inheritance of the gene happens from the mother. With the help of genomic imprinting, one allele gets expressed phenotypically.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The results in the data table are from a simulated F1 dihybrid test cross. The hypothesis that the two genes are unlinked predicts that the offspring phenotypic ratio will be 1:1:1:1. Using this ratio, calculate the expected number of each phenotype out of the 900 total offspring, and enter the values in that data table.

The goodness of fit is measured by\({\chi ^{^2}}\). This statistic measures the amounts by which the observed values differ from their respective predictions to indicate how closely the two sets of values match. The formula for calculating this value is

\({\chi ^{}} = \sum \frac{{{{\left( {o - e} \right)}^2}}}{e}\)

Where o=observed and e= expected. Calculate the\({\chi ^{^2}}\)value for the data using the table below. Fill out the table, carrying out the operations indicated in the top row. Then add up the entries in the last column to find the\({\chi ^{^2}}\)value.

Testcross Offspring

Expected

(e)

Observed

(o)

Deviation

(o-e)

(o-e)2

(o-e)2/e

(A-B-)

220

(aaB-)

210

(A-bb)

231

(aabb)

239

\({\chi ^2}\) =sum

The ABO blood type locus has been mapped on chromosome 9. A father with type AB blood and a mother who has type O blood have a child with trisomy nine and type A blood. Using this information, can you tell in which parent the non-disjunction occurred? Explain your answer. (See Figures 14.11 and 15.13).

Which one of Mendel鈥檚 laws describes the inheritance of alleles for a single character? Which law relates to the inheritance of alleles for two characters in a dihybrid cross?

Mitochondrial genes are critical to the energy metabolism of cells, but mitochondrial disorders caused by mutations in these genes are generally not lethal. Why not?
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