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Chapter 17: Q17.3-1CC (page 344)

There are about 20,000 human protein-coding genes. How can human cells make 75,000-100,000 different proteins?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Every gene present in the cell can produce different types of mRNA and, in turn, produce mRNA. It can lead to the formation of multiple proteins.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of coding and non-coding genes

There are two types of regions present in a gene, known as a coding and non-coding gene. The coding genes are the genes that code for a particular protein. The non-coding genes are the genes that do not code for a protein.

In a whole DNA segment, the coding regions are limited compared to the non-coding region. Humans possess 20,000 coding genes.

02

Explanation of protein synthesis

The translation is the process of protein synthesis. The proteins are decoded from the nucleotides from the mRNA to create a protein. There are many proteins formed from the mRNA.

In human cells, more than 75,000 to 1 lakh proteins are produced.

03

Reason for the formation of different types of proteins

Exons are the coding region present in the mRNA sequences.Alternative splicing is the mechanism that incorporates or removes the non-coding region to produce different types of several proteins. It is the process that can increase the diversity of protein in a living organism.

It is the reason that several proteins are produced from a limited number of coding genes. The alternative splicing can produce multiple mRNAs from which different types of proteins are made.

Hence, the alternative splicing of the coding region is the reason for the formation of 75,000-100,000 different proteins from 20,000 human protein-coding genes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Complete the following table:

Type of RNA

Functions

Messenger RNA(mRNA


Transfer RNA(tRNA)



A ribosome plays a structural role; as a ribozyme. Plays a catalytic role(catalyzed peptide bond formation)

Primary transcript


Small RNAs in the spliceosomes

Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?

  1. Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

  2. Nucleotides may be added at both ends of the RNA.

  3. Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing.

  4. RNA splicing can be catalyzed by spliceosomes.

Knowing that the genetic code is almost universal, a scientist uses molecular biological methods to insert the human 尾-globin gene(shown in Figure17.12) into bacterial cells, hoping the cell will express it and synthesize functional 尾-globin protein. Instead, the protein produced is non-functional and contains fewer amino acids than does 尾-globin made by a eukaryotic cell. Explain why.

Some mutations result in proteins that function well at one temperature but are non-functional at a different (usually higher) temperature. Siamese cats have a "temperature-sensitive" mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that makes dark pigment in the fur. The mutation results in the breed's distinctive point markings and lighter body color (see the photo). Using this information and what you learned in the chapter, explain the pattern of the cat's fur pigmentation.

The template strand of a gene includes this sequence:

3鈥�-TACTTGTCCGATATC-5鈥�. It is mutated to

3鈥�-TACTTGTCCAATATC-5鈥�. For both wild-type and mutant sequences, draw the double-stranded DNA, the resulting mRNA, and the amino acid sequence each encodes. What is the effect of the mutation on the amino acid sequence?
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