/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Q10TYU Epinephrine initiates a signal t... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 11: Q10TYU (page 212)

Epinephrine initiates a signal transduction pathway that produces cyclic AMP(c-AMP) and leads to the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, a significant energy source for cells. But glycogen breakdown is only part of the fight-or-flight response that epinephrine brings about: the overall effect on the body includes an increase in heart rate and alertness, as well as a burst of energy. Given that caffeine blocks the activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase, propose a mechanism by which caffeine ingestion leads to heightened alertness and sleeplessness.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Caffeine is the substance that blocks the activity of the cAMP phosphodiesterase. The blocking of this enzyme increases the activity of the cAMP that in turn increases alertness and sleeplessness.

Step by step solution

01

Description of epinephrine

Epinephrine is the hormone secreted during the condition of stress, fear, and anger conditions. It tends to increase the heart rate, alertness, and excitation of energy. This hormone is secreted in the adrenal medulla.

02

cAMP phosphodiesterase

cAMP is the cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The enzyme phosphodiesterase initiates the cleavage of the cAMP molecules. It mainly acts on the phosphodiester bond present in the c-AMP molecules.

03

Caffeine ingestion

Caffeine ingestion increases the cAMP level as it blocks the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which involves the cleavage of the cAMP. If the cAMP cleavage is stopped, it will maintain the high level of the cAMP.

Epinephrine is the hormone that initiates the synthesis of cyclic AMP. cAMP keeps the mind alert and keeps the person sleepless.

Hence, the high cAMP level maintenance is the reason for the alertness and sleeplessness that occurs due to coffee consumption.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Draw the following apoptotic pathway, which operates in human immune cells. A death signal is received when a molecule called Fas binds its cell surface receptor. The binding of many Fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. The intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins. These, in turn, bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and activate caspase-3. Once activates, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.

The properties of life emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of a cell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay about 100-150 words) that briefly explains the role of apoptosis in the development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process that emerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathway.

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of substances on opposite sides of the membrane?

(A) intracellular receptor

(B) G protein-coupled receptor

(C) phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer

(D) ligand-gated ion channel

What is the actual 鈥渟ignal鈥� that is being transduced in any signal transduction pathway, such as those shown in Figures 11.6 and 11.10? In what way is this information being passed from the exterior to the interior of the cell?

Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?

(A) fragmentation of the DNA

(B) cell-signaling pathways

(C) lysis of the cell

(D) digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Biology Textbooks

Reproduction

Read Explanation

Biological Processes

Read Explanation

Ecological Levels

Read Explanation

Organ Systems

Read Explanation

Biological Molecules

Read Explanation

Cell Cycle

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.