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Chapter 11: Q12TYU (page 212)

The properties of life emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of a cell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay about 100-150 words) that briefly explains the role of apoptosis in the development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process that emerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathway.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Apoptosis is the process that regulates the embryonic development of the cells by avoiding the replication of redundant cells.

The signaling pathway does the activation of the apoptotic pathway with the mechanism of receptor-ligand interaction.

Step by step solution

01

Apoptosis and functioning of animals

On a daily basis, many numbers of cells die due to damage, repair, or aging. Animals have the apoptotic mechanism to remove the cellular debris or dead cells from the body. The apoptosis process protects the body from the accumulation of dead cells in the body.

02

Role of apoptosis in homeostasis and development in the body

Apoptosis maintains the homeostasis of the body by destroying tumor cells, infected cells, and damaged cells. During the animal's embryonic development, morphogenesis needs to occur correctly to produce different types of cells.

The redundant cells are checked by the apoptosis process and removed during the embryogenesis process.

03

Apoptosis and its interaction with signaling pathway

Death signals are essential to activate the apoptosis mechanism. The Fas receptor present in the cell accepts the Fas protein that results in the accumulation of receptors. It is referred to as receptor clustering.

The grouped receptors activate the adaptor molecule, which in turn activates the caspases. The activation of caspases cascade, in turn, activates the apoptosis mechanism.

Hence, apoptosis is entirely dependent on the signaling pathway for its activation.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Draw the following apoptotic pathway, which operates in human immune cells. A death signal is received when a molecule called Fas binds its cell surface receptor. The binding of many Fas molecules to receptors causes receptor clustering. The intracellular regions of the receptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptor proteins. These, in turn, bind to inactive molecules of caspase-8, which become activated and activate caspase-3. Once activates, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of substances on opposite sides of the membrane?

(A) intracellular receptor

(B) G protein-coupled receptor

(C) phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer

(D) ligand-gated ion channel

What would be the effect if a cell made defective receptor tyrosine kinase proteins that were unable to dimerize?

The aging process is thought to be initiated at the cellular level. Among the changes that can occur after a certain number of cell divisions is the loss of a cell's ability to respond to growth factors and other signals. Much research into aging is aimed at understanding such loses, with the ultimate goal of extending the human life span. Not everyone, however, agrees that this is a desirable goal. If life expectancy were greatly increased, discuss what might be the social and ecological consequences.

When a signal transduction pathway involves a phosphorylation cascade, how does the cell鈥檚 response get turned off?
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