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Chapter 36: Problem 47

The sacrifice of the life of an individual so that the genes of relatives may be passed on is called ____. a. operant conditioning b. kin selection c. kinesis d. imprinting

Short Answer

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b. kin selection

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Question

The question is asking for the term that describes the act of sacrificing one's life to ensure the survival and reproduction of related individuals. This biological phenomenon is closely tied to the passing of genes.
02

Define Each Option

Let's define each term to understand the correct answer: a. Operant conditioning: A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences (rewards or punishments). b. Kin selection: A type of natural selection where individuals increase the survival of their relatives, possibly at the expense of their own survival. c. Kinesis: A random movement in response to a stimulus, not directed toward or away from the stimulus. d. Imprinting: A form of learning in which an animal gains its sense of species identification.
03

Identify the Correct Term

Considering the definitions, the term that matches the description of sacrificing individual life to ensure the passing of genes of relatives is 'kin selection'.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Natural Selection
Natural selection is a key mechanism in evolution where individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. These traits get passed on to the next generation. Over time, this process leads to the adaptation of organisms to their environments. Natural selection operates on the phenotypic variations in a population.
The important points about natural selection include:
  • It depends on variation within a population.
  • Organisms with beneficial traits have better survival rates.
  • It leads to gradual changes in the population over generations.

In the context of kin selection, natural selection favors traits that may not benefit the individual directly but increase the survival of relatives, thus ensuring gene survival.
Altruistic Behavior
Altruistic behavior involves actions that benefit other individuals at a cost to oneself. In biological terms, this can mean sacrificing resources, time, or even one's life to help relatives. Altruistic behavior can ensure that the individual's genes are passed on indirectly. Important aspects of altruistic behavior:
  • It is a selfless act to aid others.
  • Helps relatives who share a portion of the same genes.
  • Examples include alarm calls by animals to warn others of predators.

Kin selection is a form of altruism where the sacrifice benefits relatives, enhancing the survival of shared genes. This ensures the continuation of familial genetic traits.
Gene Survival
Gene survival refers to the passing of genes from one generation to the next. The central idea is that genes that lead to better survival and reproduction will become more common over generations. Key points about gene survival:
  • It is the ultimate goal driving evolutionary processes.
  • Genes that ensure better survival and reproduction get inherited more often.
  • Gene survival can be direct (through one's offspring) or indirect (through relatives).

Kin selection increases gene survival indirectly by helping relatives reproduce, even if it means the sacrifice of the individual. This way, shared genetic traits are preserved and spread throughout the population.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Elk migrate from summer feeding grounds in high mountain meadows down into lower valleys during winter. Using the words behavioral changes, physiological changes, seasonal changes, and migration, write the order of events that occur to bring about this migration. a. seasonal changes, physiological changes, migration, and behavioral changes, respectively b. physiological changes, seasonal changes, behavioral changes, and migration, respectively c. seasonal changes, behavioral changes, physiological changes, and migration, respectively d. seasonal changes, physiological changes, behavioral changes, and migration, respectively

Fruit flies are found in many different areas in the world. Fruit flies that are resistant to cold temperatures tend to have decreased fecundity at early ages compared to flies that are not capable of surviving the cold. Explain a likely reason for why this set of traits is observed. (credit: Anthony Zera Publications) a. Flies having traits that traded early reproductive energy for greater storage of energy in their bodies were favored via natural selection because they survived the cold better than flies that did not have these traits. b. In cold conditions, flies have less need for reproduction than in warm conditions and so energy normally used for reproduction is diverted to other survival functions. c. Flies respond to weather conditions to shift their energy resources to either storage in their bodies in the cold or to reproduction when conditions become warm again. d. All fruit flies have the same genetic makeup, but express different patterns of genes under different conditions, which results in expression of certain genes for cold conditions and others for warm conditions.

Explain how rmax would be expected to differ for an elephant and a flea, and how that changes the time scale over which populations of these two animals would be studied. a. rmax would be greater for an elephant as elephant reproduces at a faster rate than flea. A shorter time scale would be used to study changes over several elephant generations. b. rmax would be greater for a flea as flea reproduces at a faster rate than elephant. A shorter time scale would be used to study changes over several flea generations than over several elephant generations. c. rmax would be greater for a flea as flea reproduces at a faster rate than elephant. A longer time scale would be used to study changes over several flea generations than over several elephant generations. d. rmax would be greater for an elephant as the elephants grow at an exponential rate so the population growth rate is greatly increased. A shorter time scale would be used to study changes over several elephant generations.

Describe Pavlov鈥檚 dog experiments as an example of classical conditioning. a. Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning through a maze running experiment with the dog. The motivation for the dog to work its way through the maze was a piece of food at the end of the maze. The dog ran in one trial per day and had food available at the end of the run. b. Pavlov hung a chicken piece in a cage too high for the dog to reach and several boxes were placed randomly on the floor. Eventually the dog was able to stack the boxes and climb on top to get the chicken piece through classical conditioning. c. Pavlov put a dog in a large box that contained a lever that would dispense food to the dog when pressed. While initially the dog would push the lever a few times by accident, it eventually associated pushing the lever with getting the food through classical conditioning. d. Pavlov sounded a bell whenever food was presented to a dog, which produced saliva in response to the sight or smell of the food. Through classical conditioning, the dog started responding to the bell ringing with salivation as the dog came to associate the bell sound with the arrival of food.

Different species have different survival curves. A Type III survival curve would most likely be observed for _____. a. whales b. seals c. salmon d. polar bears
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