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Chapter 36: Problem 86

Fruit flies are found in many different areas in the world. Fruit flies that are resistant to cold temperatures tend to have decreased fecundity at early ages compared to flies that are not capable of surviving the cold. Explain a likely reason for why this set of traits is observed. (credit: Anthony Zera Publications) a. Flies having traits that traded early reproductive energy for greater storage of energy in their bodies were favored via natural selection because they survived the cold better than flies that did not have these traits. b. In cold conditions, flies have less need for reproduction than in warm conditions and so energy normally used for reproduction is diverted to other survival functions. c. Flies respond to weather conditions to shift their energy resources to either storage in their bodies in the cold or to reproduction when conditions become warm again. d. All fruit flies have the same genetic makeup, but express different patterns of genes under different conditions, which results in expression of certain genes for cold conditions and others for warm conditions.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The best explanation is option (a), which involves a trade-off between early reproductive energy and better survival in cold conditions.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Problem

Fruit flies resistant to cold temperatures have decreased fecundity at early ages compared to non-surviving flies. The task is to explain why these traits are observed in the context of natural selection.
02

Evaluate Option (a)

Option (a) suggests natural selection favors flies that trade early reproductive energy for greater storage of energy, enabling better survival in the cold. Assess if this explains the decreased early-age fecundity.
03

Evaluate Option (b)

Option (b) posits that in cold conditions, energy normally used for reproduction is diverted to survival functions, leading to decreased early-age fecundity. Analyze the merit of this explanation.
04

Evaluate Option (c)

Option (c) argues that flies adapt their energy use based on the weather, shifting between energy storage in the cold and reproduction in warm conditions. Verify if this aligns with the observed traits.
05

Evaluate Option (d)

Option (d) states all fruit flies have the same genes but express them differently under various conditions. Determine if this explains the decreased reproductive rates in cold-resistant flies.
06

Determine the Best Explanation

Consider which option best explains why cold-resistant flies trade-off early reproductive energy for survival advantages in the cold.
07

Conclusion

The explanation that fits best is option (a), as it discusses the trade-off between early reproductive energy and better survival in cold conditions through energy storage, which aligns with natural selection principles.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Adaptation
Adaptation is a key process in evolution. It enables organisms to survive changes in their environment. In fruit flies, adaptation to cold temperatures involves physiological and genetic changes. These changes help them survive better in colder climates. For instance, cold-resistant fruit flies might develop thicker body coverings or accumulate more energy reserves. These adaptations improve their chances of survival during cold periods. However, adaptations are often trade-offs. When fruit flies become cold-resistant, they may sacrifice other abilities. This is seen in their reduced early-age fecundity. The energy required to survive the cold is diverted from reproduction.
Adaptations are essential for the survival of species in varying environments. They ensure that the organism can thrive in different conditions.
Energy Trade-off
Energy trade-off is a concept where organisms allocate their limited energy resources between various biological functions. In fruit flies, this trade-off is evident between cold resistance and reproduction. Cold-resistant fruit flies invest a significant portion of their energy in storage and survival mechanisms. This energy could otherwise be used for reproduction.
Such trade-offs are common in nature. Organisms must prioritize survival over reproduction in adverse conditions. By understanding energy trade-offs, we can see why cold-resistant fruit flies have reduced early fecundity. They allocate their energy to ensure they survive the winter, even if it means fewer offspring early on.
Energy allocation is critical for an organism鈥檚 survival and reproductive success. Without these trade-offs, fruit flies might not endure harsh conditions.
Cold Resistance
Cold resistance in fruit flies is a vital survival trait. It involves several physiological changes, such as increased fat storage, altered metabolic rates, and changes in genetic expression. These changes help the flies withstand low temperatures.
However, building and maintaining cold resistance requires significant energy. This energy comes from resources that could be used for growth and reproduction. As a result, cold-resistant fruit flies often show reduced fecundity at early ages. They have to prioritize surviving the cold over reproducing frequently.
Cold resistance is a clear example of how environmental pressures shape the traits of organisms. Through natural selection, fruit flies that can survive cold temperatures pass on their genes. Over time, these traits become more common within the population.
Reproductive Biology
Reproductive biology focuses on how organisms reproduce and ensure the survival of their species. In fruit flies, reproduction is influenced by environmental factors like temperature. Cold-resistant fruit flies exhibit decreased early-age fecundity because they divert their energy towards survival rather than reproduction.
The resources needed for cold resistance are significant. This leaves less energy for producing and caring for offspring. Fruit flies must balance their energy allocation between survival and reproduction. Those that manage this balance well are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generation.
Understanding reproductive biology in the context of environmental pressures is crucial. It reveals how species adapt their reproductive strategies to endure changing conditions. This insight helps explain why cold-resistant fruit flies have different reproductive patterns compared to their non-resistant counterparts.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

If a population moves to a new environment rich in resources, what type of growth curve will it exhibit? a. logistic b. logical c. experimental d. exponential

Which environmental characteristic is likely to increase if the human population continues growing unchecked? a. wilderness areas b. fresh water supplies c. fossil fuel reserves d. atmospheric carbon dioxide

Compare and contrast density-dependent growth regulation with density- independent growth regulation. Give an example of each as they might affect a caterpillar population. a. Both are environmental conditions that result in changes in population numbers. Densityindependent factors have different effects on population densities whereas density-dependent factors have the same effect. An example of the former is a caterpillar population being kept low by a pesticide because it kills them regardless of their numbers. In the case of the latter, a large caterpillar population leads to a decrease in food availability, which will cause the caterpillar population to decline. b. Both are environmental conditions that result in changes in population numbers. Densityindependent factors have the same effect at all population densities whereas density-dependent factors have different effects. An example of the former is of a caterpillar population being kept low by a pesticide because it kills them regardless of their numbers. In the case of the latter, a large caterpillar population leads to a decrease in food availability, which will cause the caterpillar population to decline. c. Both are environmental conditions that result in changes in population numbers. Densityindependent factors have the same effect at all population densities whereas density-dependent factors have different effects. An example of the former is of a caterpillar population being kept low by a pesticide because it kills them when their numbers are low. In the case of the latter, a large caterpillar population leads to a decrease in food availability, which will cause the caterpillar population to decline. d. Both are environmental conditions that result in changes in population numbers. Densityindependent factors have the same effect at all population densities whereas density-dependent factors have different effects. An example of the former is of a caterpillar population being kept low by a pesticide because it kills them regardless of their numbers. In the case of the latter, a large caterpillar population leads to a decrease in food availability, which will cause the caterpillar population to increase

Frogs are amphibians and spend time both on land and in water. Female frogs are vulnerable to predation by fish when they enter the water to lay eggs. A hypothesis has been proposed that frogs rely on chemical detection of predators in addition to visual detection. In other words, frogs detect the presence of predator fish by chemicals released by fish into the water. Design an experiment to test this hypothesis. a. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish are contained within one compartment and frogs in another such that the frogs on one side cannot see or hear fish on other side. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish in the fish tank. b. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish and frogs are contained within one compartment such that frogs cannot see or hear fish. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish. c. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish and frogs are contained within one compartment such that frogs can see or hear fish. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish in the fish tank. d. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish are contained within one compartment and frogs in another such that frogs on one side can see or hear fish on other side. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish in the fish tank.

Construct a statement to describe the type of signal used by birds to communicate the presence of a predator to other birds. a. Birds release chemical compounds into the air that other birds rapidly recognize as signals of the presence of a predator. b. Birds flash visual signals such as wing flapping to communicate warnings to other birds whenever a predator is present. c. Birds physically touch other birds using tactile signals when they observe a predator entering their location. d. Birds make aural signals such as calls that other birds can hear and learn about a predator that has been observed in the area.
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