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Chapter 36: Problem 7
Different species have different survival curves. A Type III survival curve would most likely be observed for _____. a. whales b. seals c. salmon d. polar bears
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Describe Pavlov鈥檚 dog experiments as an example of classical conditioning. a. Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning through a maze running experiment with the dog. The motivation for the dog to work its way through the maze was a piece of food at the end of the maze. The dog ran in one trial per day and had food available at the end of the run. b. Pavlov hung a chicken piece in a cage too high for the dog to reach and several boxes were placed randomly on the floor. Eventually the dog was able to stack the boxes and climb on top to get the chicken piece through classical conditioning. c. Pavlov put a dog in a large box that contained a lever that would dispense food to the dog when pressed. While initially the dog would push the lever a few times by accident, it eventually associated pushing the lever with getting the food through classical conditioning. d. Pavlov sounded a bell whenever food was presented to a dog, which produced saliva in response to the sight or smell of the food. Through classical conditioning, the dog started responding to the bell ringing with salivation as the dog came to associate the bell sound with the arrival of food.
A pond ecosystem in an open field begins to be shaded by the growth of trees around its perimeter. Predict changes in this pond after the trees grow large enough to completely shade the pond. a. The population sizes of all organisms will decrease in response to lower energy flowing into the pond. b. The population densities of all organisms will increase in response to lower temperatures in the pond. c. The population distributions of large organisms will shift from clumped to random in response to lower energy flowing into the pond. d. The population distributions of small organisms will shift from uniform to clumped in response to lower temperatures in the pond.
A forest fire is an example of ____ regulation. a. density-dependent b. density-independent c. r-selected d. K-selected
Cite an example that describes how an animal expends energy in finding, selecting, or winning a mate. a. Female swallows engage in aggressive harassment of a hawk during breeding season. b. Male cardinals harass and peck at other male cardinals in their territory. c. Both male and female squirrels build nests out of leaves, twigs, and other plant material. d. Female black widow spiders eat males following copulation.
Frogs are amphibians and spend time both on land and in water. Female frogs are vulnerable to predation by fish when they enter the water to lay eggs. A hypothesis has been proposed that frogs rely on chemical detection of predators in addition to visual detection. In other words, frogs detect the presence of predator fish by chemicals released by fish into the water. Design an experiment to test this hypothesis. a. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish are contained within one compartment and frogs in another such that the frogs on one side cannot see or hear fish on other side. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish in the fish tank. b. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish and frogs are contained within one compartment such that frogs cannot see or hear fish. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish. c. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish and frogs are contained within one compartment such that frogs can see or hear fish. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish in the fish tank. d. Arrange containers of water in which water can be freely shared between two compartments. Fish are contained within one compartment and frogs in another such that frogs on one side can see or hear fish on other side. Observe and compare the egg laying behavior of female frogs in the presence and absence of predator fish in the fish tank.
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