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Chapter 36: Problem 9

Which of the following conditions is inversely related with fecundity? a. number of offspring b. energy budget of parent c. amount of parental care d. age of parent

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. amount of parental care

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Fecundity

Fecundity refers to an organism's reproductive capacity, specifically the number of offspring it can produce over its lifetime.
02

Analyzing Each Option

Review each option to determine how it relates to fecundity. Inverse relationships mean that when one increases, the other decreases.
03

Evaluating Option a (Number of Offspring)

More offspring generally indicate higher fecundity. Thus, there is a direct relationship, not an inverse one.
04

Evaluating Option b (Energy Budget of Parent)

The more energy a parent has, the more offspring it may produce. This is a direct relationship.
05

Evaluating Option c (Amount of Parental Care)

More parental care often reduces the number of offspring because energy and resources are devoted to fewer young. Thus, this shows an inverse relationship.
06

Evaluating Option d (Age of Parent)

Older parents often produce fewer offspring, indicating an inverse relationship with fecundity.
07

Determining the Best Answer

Option c (Amount of Parental Care) is the condition most inversely related to fecundity, as increased parental care typically means fewer offspring due to resource allocation.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Parental Care
Parental care refers to the time, energy, and resources that parents invest in their offspring to enhance their chances of survival and reproduction. When parents provide substantial care, it often results in fewer offspring because:
  • The energy and resources used for caring are redirected from the process of producing more young.
  • Parental investment strategies often favor the survival and quality of each offspring over sheer numbers.
The main idea is that with more resources devoted to raising each offspring, parents often have fewer of them. This relationship shows a trade-off between the quality and quantity of progeny.
Reproductive Capacity
Reproductive capacity, or fecundity, is the potential number of offspring an organism can produce over its lifetime. It is influenced by several factors such as:
  • Age, health, and overall condition of the parent: Younger and healthier individuals tend to have higher fecundity.
  • Environmental conditions: Abundant resources support higher reproductive rates.
  • Biological constraints: Species have different reproductive strategies, such as producing many offspring with minimal care or fewer offspring with substantial parental investment.
Fecundity is also shaped by evolutionary strategies. For instance, organisms that face high mortality rates early in life might produce more offspring to ensure that some survive to adulthood.
Inverse Relationship
An inverse relationship between two factors means that as one increases, the other decreases. In the context of fecundity, an inverse relationship can be seen with parental care. As the amount of parental care increases:
  • The number of offspring typically decreases. More resources and energy are channeled into fewer young to ensure their higher survival and reproductive success.
  • Parents may strategically invest in fewer offspring, enhancing their chances of survival in competitive or resource-scarce environments.
Another example of an inverse relationship in this context is the age of the parents. Older parents typically produce fewer offspring, possibly due to:
  • Decreased health and energy reserves as they age.
  • Accumulated environmental stresses over a lifetime.
Understanding these relationships helps in understanding how organisms allocate resources to balance survival and reproduction strategies.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

During breeding season, many female elk mate with males, but not all mated females become pregnant. Female elk having body fat less than 6% were found to have greatly reduced chances of becoming pregnant than female elk having body fat above 10%. Explain how natural selection was likely involved in establishing this trait in elk. (credit: USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center) a. Through natural selection, female elk that did not have the energy reserves to carry a pregnancy to term and did not become pregnant died whereas those which became pregnant anyway were favored. b. Natural selection favored the selection of traits preventing pregnancies in female elk with low fat reserves, so this trait has become predominant in natural elk herds observed today. c. Natural selection randomly changes the frequency of genes allowing traits preventing pregnancies in female elk with low fat reserves to be favored. d. Natural selection leads to a sudden inheritable change in the genome of the female elk, ensuring female elk with very high fat reserves to effectively carry out pregnancy.

Fruit flies are found in many different areas in the world. Fruit flies that are resistant to cold temperatures tend to have decreased fecundity at early ages compared to flies that are not capable of surviving the cold. Explain a likely reason for why this set of traits is observed. (credit: Anthony Zera Publications) a. Flies having traits that traded early reproductive energy for greater storage of energy in their bodies were favored via natural selection because they survived the cold better than flies that did not have these traits. b. In cold conditions, flies have less need for reproduction than in warm conditions and so energy normally used for reproduction is diverted to other survival functions. c. Flies respond to weather conditions to shift their energy resources to either storage in their bodies in the cold or to reproduction when conditions become warm again. d. All fruit flies have the same genetic makeup, but express different patterns of genes under different conditions, which results in expression of certain genes for cold conditions and others for warm conditions.

Different species have different survival curves. A Type III survival curve would most likely be observed for _____. a. whales b. seals c. salmon d. polar bears

Describe how a researcher would best collect data in order to calculate mortality rates within a population. a. For various age groups, count the number of individuals that died and the number that survived within a defined time period. b. For various age groups, count the number of individuals that were born and the number that died within a defined time period. c. For each sex, count the number of individuals that were born and the number that survived within a defined time period. d. For each sex, count the number of individuals that died and the number that were born within a defined time period.

Give examples of how two different populations of organisms might have the same population density, but different dispersal patterns. a. Two populations could occupy the same range with the same number of individuals, giving different dispersal patterns. However, both the populations may be dispersed randomly throughout the range, giving identical population densities. b. Two populations could occupy the different range with the different number of individuals, giving different dispersal patterns. However, both the populations may move over this range in a herd, giving identical population densities. c. Two populations could occupy the same range with the different number of individuals, giving identical population densities. However, one population may move over this range in a herd while the other population may be dispersed randomly throughout the range. d. Two populations could occupy the same range with the same number of individuals, giving identical population densities. However, one population may move over this range in a herd while the other population may be dispersed randomly throughout the range.
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