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Chapter 36: Problem 9

Which of the following conditions is inversely related with fecundity? a. number of offspring b. energy budget of parent c. amount of parental care d. age of parent

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. amount of parental care

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Fecundity

Fecundity refers to an organism's reproductive capacity, specifically the number of offspring it can produce over its lifetime.
02

Analyzing Each Option

Review each option to determine how it relates to fecundity. Inverse relationships mean that when one increases, the other decreases.
03

Evaluating Option a (Number of Offspring)

More offspring generally indicate higher fecundity. Thus, there is a direct relationship, not an inverse one.
04

Evaluating Option b (Energy Budget of Parent)

The more energy a parent has, the more offspring it may produce. This is a direct relationship.
05

Evaluating Option c (Amount of Parental Care)

More parental care often reduces the number of offspring because energy and resources are devoted to fewer young. Thus, this shows an inverse relationship.
06

Evaluating Option d (Age of Parent)

Older parents often produce fewer offspring, indicating an inverse relationship with fecundity.
07

Determining the Best Answer

Option c (Amount of Parental Care) is the condition most inversely related to fecundity, as increased parental care typically means fewer offspring due to resource allocation.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Parental Care
Parental care refers to the time, energy, and resources that parents invest in their offspring to enhance their chances of survival and reproduction. When parents provide substantial care, it often results in fewer offspring because:
  • The energy and resources used for caring are redirected from the process of producing more young.
  • Parental investment strategies often favor the survival and quality of each offspring over sheer numbers.
The main idea is that with more resources devoted to raising each offspring, parents often have fewer of them. This relationship shows a trade-off between the quality and quantity of progeny.
Reproductive Capacity
Reproductive capacity, or fecundity, is the potential number of offspring an organism can produce over its lifetime. It is influenced by several factors such as:
  • Age, health, and overall condition of the parent: Younger and healthier individuals tend to have higher fecundity.
  • Environmental conditions: Abundant resources support higher reproductive rates.
  • Biological constraints: Species have different reproductive strategies, such as producing many offspring with minimal care or fewer offspring with substantial parental investment.
Fecundity is also shaped by evolutionary strategies. For instance, organisms that face high mortality rates early in life might produce more offspring to ensure that some survive to adulthood.
Inverse Relationship
An inverse relationship between two factors means that as one increases, the other decreases. In the context of fecundity, an inverse relationship can be seen with parental care. As the amount of parental care increases:
  • The number of offspring typically decreases. More resources and energy are channeled into fewer young to ensure their higher survival and reproductive success.
  • Parents may strategically invest in fewer offspring, enhancing their chances of survival in competitive or resource-scarce environments.
Another example of an inverse relationship in this context is the age of the parents. Older parents typically produce fewer offspring, possibly due to:
  • Decreased health and energy reserves as they age.
  • Accumulated environmental stresses over a lifetime.
Understanding these relationships helps in understanding how organisms allocate resources to balance survival and reproduction strategies.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Define carrying capacity of a population and explain whether it changes or remains fixed for a population. a. Carrying capacity is the amount of land needed to support a population, and it is fixed for each population. b. Carrying capacity is the amount of water and food resources required to support a population and it is fixed for each population. c. Carrying capacity is the maximum size of a population that can survive using the available resources and it can vary up or down. d. Carrying capacity is the time needed for a population to reach its maximum size and it can vary up or down.

What evidence can you cite to support the claim that the timing of entry into hibernation by grizzly bears is regulated? Justify why this evidence supports the claim. a. Grizzly bears go into hibernation at the end of winters. This observation provides evidence that there is some environmental cue that triggers physiological changes in bears. b. Grizzly bears do not go into hibernation at the beginning of autumn. This observation provides evidence that there is some environmental cue that triggers physiological changes in bears. c. Grizzly bears go into hibernation at random times during the year. This observation provides evidence that there is some environmental cue that triggers physiological changes in bears. d. Grizzly bears do not go into hibernation at random times during the year. This observation provides evidence that there is some environmental cue that triggers physiological changes in bears.

Describe how a researcher would best collect data in order to calculate mortality rates within a population. a. For various age groups, count the number of individuals that died and the number that survived within a defined time period. b. For various age groups, count the number of individuals that were born and the number that died within a defined time period. c. For each sex, count the number of individuals that were born and the number that survived within a defined time period. d. For each sex, count the number of individuals that died and the number that were born within a defined time period.

Albatrosses are birds that can live to age 60 and older. They usually do not start breeding until they reach age 8 or 9, which is relatively late compared to other bird species. Based on this information, explain conditions that might be a risk to the survival of albatrosses. a. increased chance of individuals dying before reproducing b. decreased life spans of individuals c. increased chance of offspring dying d. decreased chances of mating between individuals

Identify the statement that best describes a pioneer species. a. A pioneer species is a species that is transported out of its native habitat into a non-native habitat, where there are few or no natural predators to keep the population in check. b. A pioneer species is a species that maintains the community structure in an ecosystem, and whose loss causes the ecosystem to fail. c. A pioneer species is a species that has the greatest influence over the ecosystem usually by bringing most of the energy into the system. d. A pioneer species is a species that can colonize landscapes that are devoid of soil and begin the process of succession
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