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Chapter 7: Problem 9

Praise, money, good grades, compliments, and applause are all examples of a. Primitive reinforcers c. Discriminative stimuli b. Primary reinforcers d. Secondary reinforcers

Short Answer

Expert verified
The correct answer is d. Secondary reinforcers.

Step by step solution

01

Define Primitive Reinforcers

Primitive reinforcers are basic biological needs like food, water, and shelter. They are not learned types of reinforcement.
02

Define Primary Reinforcers

Primary reinforcers are naturally reinforcing, meaning they satisfy a biological need. Examples include food, drink, and comfort.
03

Define Discriminative Stimuli

Discriminative stimuli are cues or signals that inform an organism about the availability of reinforcement or punishment following a particular behavior.
04

Define Secondary Reinforcers

Secondary reinforcers, also known as conditioned reinforcers, are those that gain their reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers. They are not inherently satisfying but have been conditioned to be reinforcing through learning. Examples include praise, money, good grades, compliments, and applause.
05

Identify the Correct Option

Review and compare definitions: praise, money, good grades, compliments, and applause don't satisfy biological needs. Instead, they gain reinforcing value through association. Therefore, they fit the definition of secondary reinforcers.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Primary Reinforcers
Primary reinforcers are those that satisfy basic biological needs and are inherently rewarding. These do not need to be learned to be appreciated. For instance, think about the joy you feel after a good meal or drinking water when you are thirsty. These naturally satiate our biological needs.
Primary reinforcers are vital to survival and can include:
  • Food: Essential for energy and sustenance.
  • Water: Vital for hydration and health.
  • Comfort: Necessary for maintaining body temperature and protection.
Because they are innately satisfying, these reinforcers play a fundamental role in motivating behavior. An example is how animals and humans alike will perform specific actions to receive food or water, indicating the powerful nature of primary reinforcers.
Discriminative Stimuli
Discriminative stimuli play an important role in signaling when a behavior will result in reinforcement. They act as cues in our environment that specify the availability of a reward or punishment following a particular action.
Consider the following characteristics of discriminative stimuli:
  • They indicate when a certain response will lead to a favorable outcome.
  • They do not carry any intrinsic value but serve as guides to obtaining a reinforcement.
  • They require an association between the stimuli and the expected consequences through learning.
Imagine a traffic light, where a green light signals that you can proceed. Here, the green light is the discriminative stimulus, indicating that moving forward will likely avoid punishment or possibly gain reinforcement, such as reaching your destination on time.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement is a crucial concept in behavioral psychology, serving as a method to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. It can be either positive or negative, but both forms aim to strengthen the desired action.
Understanding reinforcement involves:
  • Positive Reinforcement: Providing a rewarding stimulus following a behavior, like giving a child a toy for cleaning their room.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior, such as turning off a loud alarm when someone gets out of bed.
The key to effective reinforcement is timing and consistency. Immediate and consistent reinforcement helps establish strong associations between the behavior and its consequences, encouraging repetition of desired actions. Reinforcement can significantly shape behavior and is integral in learning processes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Angelo is afraid of heights. A friend suggests that Angelo should take a ride in an elevator to the top floor of a downtown high-rise while listening to his favorite soothing music through headphones. Angelo finds the courage to do so, then does it again several more times. Eventually he finds that his fear of heights has greatly diminished. What classical conditioning principle has taken place? a. Stimulus retraction c. Stimulus discrimination b. Spontaneous recovery d. Counterconditioning

When trying to teach an animal to do something using operant conditioning, sometimes the animal will revert to performing behaviors that are characteristic of its species. This phenomenon is known as a. Bioreversion c. Instinctive drift b. Species shift d. Organismic tuning

Cats trapped in a puzzle box will at first make many random movements to try to get out, yet only one behavior trips the latch that opens the door that sets them free. Over time, random behaviors that don't produce that outcome will become less frequent, and the one behavior that does produce that outcome will become more frequent. In fact, eventually a cat put in such a box will immediately show that one effective behavior over and over. According to the principles of operant conditioning, why does this happen? a. When many behaviors get reinforced, eventually one behavior will rise above the others. b. Random behaviors tend to get punished; ineffective strategies punish the animal by keeping it in the puzzle box. c. Behaviors that get reinforced tend to occur again in the future; the one behavior that opens the latch is reinforced by the cat's freedom. d. Organisms learn at their own pace; reinforcing several behaviors, then gradually reinforcing a single behavior, matched the pace of learning for these cats.

Rosie wants to buy a new microwave oven. She looks at two models in the same store. Both models have identical features. Both models suit her needs. But one model has a sticker of a smiley face on it, whereas the other one does not. Rosie decides to buy the stickered microwave. According to the principles of classical conditioning, why is that? a. The microwave oven is the US, the smiley face is the \(\mathrm{CS}\), and the purchasing is the UR. b. Rosie knew that the store managers wouldn't put a happy face on a lousy oven, so she assumed that it had some unknown better quality to it. c. Rosie had an unconditioned response to react favorably to microwave ovens, since she associates them with yummy foods. d. Rosie associated the pleasant feelings produced by the smiley sticker with the qualities of the microwave oven.

Roland learned about classical conditioning in his psychology class, and he was eager to use it to train his dog. He presented a tasty morsel, rang a bell, then watched the animal drool as it ate. He repeated this multiple times: food, bell, response. Then he rang the bell all by itself-and nothing happened. No drooling, no response, just an indifferent look from a bored dog. Why had no learning taken place? a. The US and UR need to be established separately before being paired together. b. The US and the CR need to be established separately before being paired together. c. The CS needs to precede the US in order for conditioning to take place. d. Roland was actually extinguishing a UR using his technique.
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