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A tiny1 μg particle is in a 1 cm wide enclosure and take a yearto bounce from one end to the other and back(a) Haw many nodes are there in the enclosure (b) How would your answer change if the particle were more massive or moving faster.

Short Answer

Expert verified

a.The nodes in the enclosure are2×1013 n´Ç»å±ð²õ .

b. When the particle is more massive or moving faster the momentum of the particle is increased resulting in shorter wavelength and the nodes will also increase

Step by step solution

01

Identification of given data 

The given data can be listed below,

  • The mass of the particle is,m=1‰Ӽg
  • The size of the enclosure is, L=1 c³¾
  • The taken to complete bounce back is,T=2 y±ð²¹°ù(3.156×107 s1 y±ð²¹°ù)
02

Concept/Significance of bound state

When the system is bounded in the conventional sense, a stationary state is said to be a bound state. In classical mechanics, a system with some finite energy cannot exist in a region of infinite potential energy in an infinite potential well.

It should be noted that the energy quantization only takes place when the system is bounded.

03

(a) Determination of the nodes are there in the enclosure 

The energy of the bound state is given by,

E=nh28mL2 …(¾±)

Here, nis the number nodes or state, h is the plank’s constant whose value is ν6.63×10−34 J⋅s, m is the mass of the particle and L is the length of enclosure.

According to Einstein, the photon energy of the particle is given by,

E=hν …(¾±¾±)

Here, νis the frequency of the particle.

Compare two equations the number of nodes is given by,

hν=nh28mL2n=8mL2hT

Substitute all the values in the above,

n=8(1‰Ӽg)(1 c³¾)2(6.63×10−34 Jâ‹…s)(6.037×107 s)=1.99×1013 n´Ç»å±ð²õ≈2×1013 n´Ç»å±ð

Thus, the nodes in the enclosure are 2×1013 n´Ç»å±ð²õ.

04

(b) Explanation of what will happen to nodes if the particle were more massive or moving faster.

The momentum would be greater if the particle moved more quickly or had more mass, which would suggest a shorter wavelength and, as a result, a greater number of nodes. It would never be anticipated to act as a wave since it would be more massive or travelling faster, and more mass.

Thus, when the particle is more massive or moving faster the momentum of the particle is increased resulting in shorter wavelength and the nodes will also increase

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Outline a procedure for predicting how the quantum-mechanically allowed energies for a harmonic oscillator should depend on a quantum number. In essence, allowed kinetic energies are the particle-in-a box energies, except the length Lis replaced by the distance between classical tuning points. Expressed in terms of E. Apply this procedure to a potential energy of the form U(x) = - b/x where b is a constant. Assume that at the origin there is an infinitely high wall, making it one turning point, and determine the other numing point in terms of E. For the average potential energy, use its value at half way between the tuning points. Again in terms of E. Find and expression for the allowed energies in terms of m, b, and n. (Although three dimensional, the hydrogen atom potential energy is of this form. and the allowed energy levels depend on a quantum number exactly as this simple model predicts.)

A finite potential energy function U(x) allows ψ(x) the solution of the time-independent Schrödinger equation. to penetrate the classically forbidden region. Without assuming any particular function for U(x) show that b(x) must have an inflection point at any value of x where it enters a classically forbidden region.

Prove that the transitional-state wave function (5.33) does not have a well-defined energy.

It is possible to take the finite well wave functions further than (21) without approximation, eliminating all but one normalization constant C . First, use the continuity/smoothness conditions to eliminate A, B , andG in favor of Cin (21). Then make the change of variables z=x-L/2 and use the trigonometric relations

sin(a+b)=sinacosb+cosasinband

cos(a+b)=cosacosb-sinasinbon the

functions in region I, -L/2<z<L/2. The change of variables shifts the problem so that it is symmetric about z=0, which requires that the probability density be symmetric and thus that ψ(z)be either an odd or even function of z. By comparing the region II and region III functions, argue that this in turn demands that (α/k)sinkL+coskL must be either +1 (even) or -1 (odd). Next, show that these conditions can be expressed, respectively, as αk=tankL2 and αk=-cotkL2. Finally, plug these separately back into the region I solutions and show that

ψ(z)=C×{eα(z+L/2) â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰z<L/2coskzcoskL2 â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰-L/2<z<L/2e-α(z-L/2) â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰z>L/2


or

ψ(z)=C×{eα(z+L/2) â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰z<L/2-sinkzsinkL2 â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰-L/2<z<L/2e-α(z-L/2) â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰â¶Ä‰z>L/2

Note that Cis now a standard multiplicative normalization constant. Setting the integral of |ψ(z)|2 over all space to 1 would give it in terms of kand α , but because we can’t solve (22) exactly for k(or E), neither can we obtain an exact value for C.

The figure shows a potential energy function.

(a) How much energy could a classical particle have and still be bound?

(b) Where would an unbound particle have its maximum kinetic energy?

(c) For what range of energies might a classical particle be bound in either of two different regions?

(d) Do you think that a quantum mechanical particle with energy in the range referred to in part?

(e) Would be bound in one region or the other? Explain.

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