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Chapter 10: 7CQ (page 413)

For the four kinds of crystal binding 鈥� covalent, ionic, metallic, and molecular- how would the destiny of valence electrons vary throughout the solid? Would it be constant, centered on the atoms, or largest between the atoms? Or would it alternate, with a net charge density positive at one atom and negative at the next?

Short Answer

Expert verified

The valence electrons are strongly linked to the atoms in a molecular solid. As a result, the valence electron density will be concentrated around the atoms.

Step by step solution

01

Definitions of crystal bindin

All valence electrons are bound into bonds between neighboring atoms in a covalent solid. As a result, the valence electron density will be the highest among the atoms.

02

The destiny of valence electrons

Electrons are held from one side to the other in an ionic solid. When the ions with different signs alternate, the lowest energy state is reached. As a result, the density of valence electrons will alternate, with a positive net charge density on one ion and a negative charge density on its closest neighbors.

All atoms in a metallic solid share valence electrons. They combine to create an electron gas. As a result, the valence electron density remains constant.

The valence electrons are strongly linked to the atoms in a molecular solid. As a result, the valence electron density will be concentrated around the atoms.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In section 10.2 , we discussed two-lobed Px.Pyand Pz states and 4 lobed hybrid sp3 states. Another kind of hybrid state that sticks out in just one direction is the sp , formed from a single p state and an s state. Consider an arbitrary combination of the 2s state with the 2pz state. Let us represent this bycos蟿蠄2,0,0+sin蟿蠄2,1,0(The trig factors ensure normalization in carrying out the integral , cross terms integrate to 0.leavingcos2蟿鈭�|蠄2,0,0|2dv+sin2蟿鈭�|蠄2.1.0|2dv. Which is 1.)

(a) Calculate the probability that an electron in such a state would be in the +z-hemisphere.(Note: Here, the cross terms so not integrate to 0 )

(b) What value of饾洉leads to the maximum probability, and what is the corresponding ratio of蠄2,0,0 and蠄2,0,0 ?

(C) Using a computer , make a density (Shading) plot of the probability density-density versus r and饾泬- for the饾洉-value found in part (b).

Question:If electrical conductivity were determined by the mere static presence of positive ions rather than by their motion the collision time would be inversely proportional to the electron's average speed. If however, it were dominated by the motion of the ions, it should be inversely proportional to the 鈥渁rea" presented by a jiggling ion, which is in turn proportional to the square of its amplitude as an oscillator. Argue that only the latter view gives the correct temperature dependence in conductors of 蟽鈭�T-1. Use the equipartition theorem (usually covered in introductory thermodynamics and also discussed in Section 9.9).

why is covalent bonding directional, while ionic bonding is not?

Why does the small current flowing through a reverse biased diode depends much more strongly on temperature than on the applied (reverse) voltage?

Carbon(diamond) and silicon have the same covalent crystal structure, yet diamond is transparent while silicon is opaque to visible light. Argue that this should be the case based only on the difference in band gaps roughly 5 eV for diamond in eV is silicon.
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