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This problem is designed to guide you through a 鈥減roof鈥 of Plancherel鈥檚 theorem, by starting with the theory of ordinary Fourier series on a finite interval, and allowing that interval to expand to infinity.

(a) Dirichlet鈥檚 theorem says that 鈥渁ny鈥 function f(x) on the interval [-a,+a]can be expanded as a Fourier series:

f(x)=n=0[ansin苍蟺虫a+bncos苍蟺虫a]

Show that this can be written equivalently as

f(x)=n=-cnei苍蟺虫/a.

What is cn, in terms of anand bn?

(b) Show (by appropriate modification of Fourier鈥檚 trick) that

cn=12a-a+af(x)e-i苍蟺虫/adx

(c) Eliminate n and cnin favor of the new variables k=(苍蟿蟿/a)andF(k)=2/acn. Show that (a) and (b) now become

f(x)=12n=-F(k)eikxk;F(k)=12-a+af(x).eikxdx.

where kis the increment in k from one n to the next.

(d) Take the limit ato obtain Plancherel鈥檚 theorem. Comment: In view of their quite different origins, it is surprising (and delightful) that the two formulas鈥攐ne for F(k) in terms of f(x), the other for f(x) terms of F(k) 鈥攈ave such a similar structure in the limit a.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a)fx=n=-cnei苍蟺虫/a(b)cn=12a-aafxei苍蟺虫/adx(c)Fk=2a12a-aafxei苍蟺虫/adx=12-aafxei苍蟺虫/adxdfx=12-Fkei苍蟺虫/adx;Fk=12-Fxei苍蟺虫/adx

Step by step solution

01

Given information:

The Fourier series is given by:

fx=n=0ansin苍蟺虫a+bncos苍蟺虫a

02

 Step 2 : (a) Showing that the Fourier series can be equivalently written as:

Dirichlet鈥檚 theorem is written as:

fx=b0+n=1an2iei苍蟺虫/a-e-i苍蟺虫/a+n=1bn2ei苍蟺虫/a-e-i苍蟺虫/a=b0+n=1an2i+bn2ei苍蟺虫/a+n=1-an2i+bn2e-i苍蟺虫/a

So there are two values for , one for positive n鈥檚, where the other is for negative values of n鈥檚.

c0b0;cn=12-ian+bn,forn=1,2,3,...;cnia-n+b-n,forn=-1,-2,-3,.

c0b0;cn=12-ian+bn,forn=1,2,3,...;cnia-n+b-n,forn=-1,-2,-3,.

Thus,

fx=n=-cnei苍蟺虫/a

03

(b) Showing by approximate modification of Fourier series

TofindCn,multiplybothsidesbym*xthenintegratefrom-atoa.-aafxe-尘蟺虫/adx=n=-cn-aaein-m蟺虫/adx,-aaein-m蟺虫/adx=ein-m蟺虫/ain-m/a-aa=ein-m-ee-in-min-m/a=-1n-m--1n-min-m/a=0

Whereasforn=m,-aaein-m蟺虫/adx=-aadx=2a.Soalltermsexceptn=marezero,and-aafxe-i尘蟺虫/a=2acm,socn=12a-aafxe-i尘蟺虫/adx.

04

 Step 3: (c) Showing that (a) and (b) are

fx=12n=-Fkeikxk;Fk=12-a+afx.e-ikxdx.usingk=苍蟿蟿a,andFk=2蟿蟿acnWecanwrite:fx=n=-21aFkeikx=12FkeikxkWherek=蟿蟿aistheincrementinkfromnton+1Fk2a12a-aafxeikxdx=12-aafxe-ikxdx

05

(d) Obtaining Plancherel’s theorem 

As a 鈫 鈭, k becomes a continuous variable, and the sum becomes an integration, therefore,

fx=12-Fkeikxdk;

For F (k) the limits of the integration will change,

fk=12-fxe-ikxdx;

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