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[Attempt this problem only if you are familiar with vector calculus.] Define the (three-dimensional) probability current by generalization of Problem 1.14:

J=ih2m(ψ∇ψ*-ψ*∇ψ)

(a) Show that satisfies the continuity equation ∇.J=-∂∂t|ψ|2which expresses local conservation of probability. It follows (from the divergence theorem) that ∫sJ.da=-ddt∫v|ψ|2d3rwhere Vis a (fixed) volume and is its boundary surface. In words: The flow of probability out through the surface is equal to the decrease in probability of finding the particle in the volume.

(b) FindJfor hydrogen in the staten=2,l=1,m=1 . Answer:

h64ma5re-r/a²õ¾±²Ôθϕ^

(c) If we interpretmJas the flow of mass, the angular momentum is

L=m∫(r×J)d3r

Use this to calculate Lzfor the stateψ211, and comment on the result.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) Jsatisfies the continuity equation.

(b) The value of J is h64Ï€³¾²¹5re-ra²õ¾±²Ôθϕ^.

(c) The valueLzish64Ï€²¹54!a5432Ï€.

Step by step solution

01

Define probability current

A mathematical quantity that describes the flow of probability is the probability current. If one imagines probability as a heterogeneous fluid, the probability current is the rate at which the fluid flows. It's a real-world vector that moves through space and time.

02

Prove that continuity equation is satisfied

(a)

The probability current is,

J=ih2mψ∇ψ*-ψ*∇ψ

Show that Jsatisfies the continuity equation

role="math" localid="1656046663375" ∇.J=ih2m∇ψ.∇ψ*+ψ∇2ψ*-∇ψ*.∇ψ-ψ*∇2ψ=ih2mψ∇2ψ*-ψ*∇2ψConsidertheSchrodinger’sequation,ih∂ψ∂t=-h2m∇2ψ+³Õψ⇒∇2ψ=³Õψ-ih∂ψ∂t2mh2⇒∇2ψ*=³Õψ*-ih∂ψ*∂t2mh2⇒∇.J=ih2m.2mh2ψ³Õψ*+ih∂ψ*∂t-ψ*³Õψ-ih∂ψ∂t=ihihψ∂ψ*∂t+ψ*∂ψ∂t=-∂∂tψ*ψ⇒∇.J=-∂∂tψ2

Hence, J satisfies the continuity equation.

03

Determine J for hydrogen

(b)

At time t, the wave function for the hydrogen atom is ψmim=RnlrYlmθ,Ï•eiEnth⇒ψ211=R21rY11θ,Ï•eiEnthNow,apply,R21r=124a32raexp-r2aAlso,Y11θ,Ï•=-38Ï€²õ¾±²Ôθe¾±Ï•⇒ψ211=-1Ï€²¹.18a2re-r2a²õ¾±²Ôθe¾±Ï•e-iE2thForsphericalcoordinates,∇ψ=∂ψ∂rr^+1r∂ψ∂θθ^+1r²õ¾±²Ôθ.∂ψ∂ϕϕ^∇ψ211=-1Ï€²¹18a21-r2ae-r2a²õ¾±²Ôθe¾±Ï•e-iE2thr^+1rre-r2a³¦´Ç²õθ±ð¾±Ï•e-iE2thθ^+1r²õ¾±²Ôθre-r2a²õ¾±²Ôθie¾±Ï•.e-iE2thÏ•=1-r2ar^+³¦´Ç²õθθ^+i²õ¾±²Ôθϕ1rψ211Replaceiby-itoget∇ψ*211,⇒∇ψ211*=1-r2ar^+³¦´Ç²õθθ^-i²õ¾±²Ôθϕ1rψ211*SubstitutethetwoexpressionsintotheequationforJ,

J=ih2m{ψ2111-r2ar^+³¦´Ç²õθθ^-i²õ¾±²Ôθϕ^1rψ211*]-ψ211*1-r2ar^+³¦´Ç²õθθ^1rψ211=ih2m1-r2ar^+³¦´Ç²õθθ^-i²õ¾±²Ôθϕ-1-r2ar^-³¦´Ç²õθθ^1²õ¾±²Ôθϕ^1rψ2112=ih2m-2ir²õ¾±²Ôθψ2112Ï•^=hm1Ï€²¹164a4r2e-rasin2θrsinθϕ=h64Ï€³¾²¹5re-ra²õ¾±²Ôθϕ^Therefore,thevalueofJish64Ï€³¾²¹5re-ra²õ¾±²Ôθϕ.^

04

Evaluate the value of  Lz

(c) The value of J from part (b),

J=h64Ï€³¾²¹5re-ra²õ¾±²Ôθϕ^Now,r×J¯=h64Ï€³¾²¹5re-ra²õ¾±²Ôθr^×ϕ^Consider,r^×ϕ^=-θ^Andz^.θ^=-sinθSo,r×J¯z=h64Ï€³¾²¹5r2e-rasin2θAs,Lz=m∫r×J¯zd3rLz=mh64Ï€³¾²¹5∫r2e-rasin2θ°ù2²õ¾±²Ôθdrdθ»åÏ•=h64Ï€³¾²¹5∫0ar4e-radr∫0Ï€sin3θ»åθ∫02Ï€»åÏ•=h64Ï€³¾²¹54!a5432Ï€Hence,thevalueLzish64Ï€²¹54!a5432Ï€.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The fundamental commutation relations for angular momentum (Equation 4.99) allow for half-integer (as well as integer) eigenvalues. But for orbital angular momentum only the integer values occur. There must be some extra constraint in the specific formL=r×p that excludes half-integer values. Let be some convenient constant with the dimensions of length (the Bohr radius, say, if we're talking about hydrogen), and define the operators

q1≡12[x+a2/ħpy];p1≡12[px-(ħ/a2)y];q2≡12[x-(a2/ħ)py];p2≡12[px-(ħ/a2)y];

(a) Verify that [q1,q2]=[p1,p2]=0;[q1,p1]=[p2,q2]=iħ. Thus the q's and the p's satisfy the canonical commutation relations for position and momentum, and those of index 1are compatible with those of index 2 .

(b) Show that[q1,q2]=[p1,p2]Lz=ħ2a2(q12-q22)+a22ħ(p12-p22)

(c) Check that , where each is the Hamiltonian for a harmonic oscillator with mass and frequency .

(d) We know that the eigenvalues of the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian are , where (In the algebraic theory of Section this follows from the form of the Hamiltonian and the canonical commutation relations). Use this to conclude that the eigenvalues of must be integers.

Construct the matrixSrrepresenting the component of spin angular momentum along an arbitrary directionrÁåœ. Use spherical coordinates, for which

rÁ圲õ¾±²ÔθcosΦıÁåœ+²õ¾±²ÔθsinΦøÁåœ+³¦´Ç²õθkÁåœ [4.154]

Find the eigenvalues and (normalized) eigen spinors ofSr. Answer:

x+(r)=(cosθ/2e¾±Ï•sinθ/2); x+(r)=(e¾±Ï•sin(θ/2)-cos(θ/2)) [4.155]

Note: You're always free to multiply by an arbitrary phase factor-say,eiϕ-so your answer may not look exactly the same as mine.

Quarks carry spin 1/2. Three quarks bind together to make a baryon (such as the proton or neutron); two quarks (or more precisely a quark and an antiquark) bind together to make a meson (such as the pion or the kaon). Assume the quarks are in the ground state (so the orbital angular momentum is zero).

(a) What spins are possible for baryons?

(b) What spins are possible for mesons?

(a) Using Equation 4.88, work out the first four Laguerre polynomials.

(b) Using Equations 4.86, 4.87, and 4.88, find v(ÒÏ), for the case n=5,I=2.

(c) Find v(ÒÏ)again (for the case role="math" localid="1658315521558" n=5,I=2), but this time get it from the recursion formula (Equation 4.76).

Lq(x)=eqq!(ddx)q(e-x-x9)(4.88)v(ÒÏ)=Ln-2l+1l-1(4.86)Lqp(x)≡(-1)pddxÒÏLp+q(x)(4.87)cj+1=2(j+l+1-n)(j+1)(j+2l+2)cj(4.76)

(a) Apply S-to|10⟩ (Equation4.177 ), and confirm that you get 2|1-1⟩

(b) Apply S±to[00⟩ (Equation 4.178), and confirm that you get zero.

(c) Show that |11⟩ and |1-1⟩ (Equation 4.177) are eigenstates of S2, with the appropriate eigenvalue

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