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Consider the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator, for which the potential is

V(r)=12³¾Ó¬2r2

(a) Show that separation of variables in cartesian coordinates turns this into three one-dimensional oscillators, and exploit your knowledge of the latter to determine the allowed energies. Answer:

En=(n+3/2)hÓ¬

(b) Determine the degeneracyofd(n)ofEn.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The statement is proved and the allowed energies is E=n+32hÓ¬.

(b)The degeneracy isdnisn+1n+22.

Step by step solution

01

Concept to use and given data

(1) The quantum harmonic oscillator has an energy eigenvalue of:

E=n+12hӬ∶Än∈ℤ+

(2) The sum of consecutive number is ∑i=1n+1i=n+1n+22=1+2+3+...+n+1

(3) The potential isVr=12³¾Ó¬2r2

02

Proof of the statement and determination of the allowed energies

(a)

Consider the formula for the potential of a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator,

The value of the potential is

Vr=12³¾Ó¬2r2=12³¾Ó¬2x2+y2+z2=-h22m∇2ψ+³Õψ=·¡Ïˆâ‡’-h22m∂2ψ∂X2+∂2ψ∂y2+∂2ψ∂Z2+³Õψ=·¡ÏˆThevariablescanbesafelyseparatedbecausex,y,andzdonotdependoneachother.Thevalueis:ψx,y,z=XxYyZz⇒-h22mYZd2Xdx2+XZd2Ydy2+XYd2ZdZ2+³Õψ=·¡Ïˆâ‡’-h22m1Xd2Xdx2+1Yd2Ydy2+1Zd2ZdZ2+12³¾Ó¬2x2+y2+z2=E⇒-h22m-1Xd2Xdx2+12³¾Ó¬2x2+-h22m-1Yd2Ydy2+12³¾Ó¬2y2+-h22m-1Zd2ZdZ2+12³¾Ó¬2z2=E⇒Accordingtotheabovevalue,

-h22m1Xd2Xdx2+12³¾Ó¬2x2=Ex-h22m1Yd2Ydy2+12³¾Ó¬2y2=Ey-h22m1Zd2ZdZ2+12³¾Ó¬2z2=Ezso,E=Ex+Ey+EzEx=nx+12hÓ¬Ey=ny+12hÓ¬Ez=nz+12hӬ⇒E=nx+ny+nz+32hӬ⇒E=n+32hӬ∶Än∈ΖAs,n=nx+ny+nzSo,thisisprovedthatE=n+32hÓ¬.

03

The value of  degeneracy

(b)

Assumtion of that,

nx=n⇒ny=0,nz=0⇒d=1So,nx=n-1⇒ny=1,nz=0ORny=0,nz=1⇒d=2Also,nx=n-2→ny=2nz=0ORny=0,nz=2ORny=1,nz=1⇒d=3Itisobtainedthat,dn=∑ii=1n+1=n+1n+22dn=n+1n+22Hence,thedegeneracydnisn+1n+22.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Starting with the canonical commutation relations for position and momentum (Equation 4.10), work out the following commutators:

[LZ,X]=ihy,[LZ,y]=-ihx,[LZ,Z]=0[LZ,px]=ihpy,[LZ,py]=-ihpx,[LZ,pz]=0

(b) Use these results to obtain [LZ,LX]=ihLydirectly from Equation 4.96.

(c) Evaluate the commutators [Lz,r2]and[Lz,p2](where, of course, r2=x2+y2+z2andp2=px2+py2+pz2)

(d) Show that the Hamiltonian H=(p2/2m)+Vcommutes with all three components of L, provided that V depends only on r . (Thus H,L2,andLZand are mutually compatible observables.)

Determine the commutator of S2withSZ(1)(whereS≡S(1)+S(2)) Generalize your result to show that

[S2,S1]=2Ih(S1×S2)

Comment: Because Sz(1)does not commute with S2, we cannot hope to find states that are simultaneous eigenvectors of both. In order to form eigenstates ofS2weneed linear combinations of eigenstates ofSz(1). This is precisely what the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients (in Equation 4.185) do for us, On the other hand, it follows by obvious inference from Equation 4.187that the sumrole="math" localid="1655980965321" S(1)+S(2)does commute withdata-custom-editor="chemistry" S2, which is a special case of something we already knew (see Equation 4.103).

(a) NormalizeR20 (Equation 4.82), and construct the functionψ200.

(b) NormalizeR21(Equation 4.83), and construct the function.

Because the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential (Equation 4.188)is spherically symmetric, the Schrödinger equation can be handled by separation of variables in spherical coordinates, as well as cartesian coordinates. Use the power series method to solve the radial equation. Find the recursion formula for the coefficients, and determine the allowed energies. Check your answer against Equation4.189.

Deduce the condition for minimum uncertainty inSx andSy(that is, equality in the expression role="math" localid="1658378301742" σSxσSy≥(ħ/2)|<Sz>|, for a particle of spin 1/2 in the generic state (Equation 4.139). Answer: With no loss of generality we can pick to be real; then the condition for minimum uncertainty is that bis either pure real or else pure imaginary.

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