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Consider the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator, for which the potential is

V(r)=12³¾Ó¬2r2

(a) Show that separation of variables in cartesian coordinates turns this into three one-dimensional oscillators, and exploit your knowledge of the latter to determine the allowed energies. Answer:

En=(n+3/2)hÓ¬

(b) Determine the degeneracyofd(n)ofEn.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The statement is proved and the allowed energies is E=n+32hÓ¬.

(b)The degeneracy isdnisn+1n+22.

Step by step solution

01

Concept to use and given data

(1) The quantum harmonic oscillator has an energy eigenvalue of:

E=n+12hӬ∶Än∈ℤ+

(2) The sum of consecutive number is ∑i=1n+1i=n+1n+22=1+2+3+...+n+1

(3) The potential isVr=12³¾Ó¬2r2

02

Proof of the statement and determination of the allowed energies

(a)

Consider the formula for the potential of a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator,

The value of the potential is

Vr=12³¾Ó¬2r2=12³¾Ó¬2x2+y2+z2=-h22m∇2ψ+³Õψ=·¡Ïˆâ‡’-h22m∂2ψ∂X2+∂2ψ∂y2+∂2ψ∂Z2+³Õψ=·¡ÏˆThevariablescanbesafelyseparatedbecausex,y,andzdonotdependoneachother.Thevalueis:ψx,y,z=XxYyZz⇒-h22mYZd2Xdx2+XZd2Ydy2+XYd2ZdZ2+³Õψ=·¡Ïˆâ‡’-h22m1Xd2Xdx2+1Yd2Ydy2+1Zd2ZdZ2+12³¾Ó¬2x2+y2+z2=E⇒-h22m-1Xd2Xdx2+12³¾Ó¬2x2+-h22m-1Yd2Ydy2+12³¾Ó¬2y2+-h22m-1Zd2ZdZ2+12³¾Ó¬2z2=E⇒Accordingtotheabovevalue,

-h22m1Xd2Xdx2+12³¾Ó¬2x2=Ex-h22m1Yd2Ydy2+12³¾Ó¬2y2=Ey-h22m1Zd2ZdZ2+12³¾Ó¬2z2=Ezso,E=Ex+Ey+EzEx=nx+12hÓ¬Ey=ny+12hÓ¬Ez=nz+12hӬ⇒E=nx+ny+nz+32hӬ⇒E=n+32hӬ∶Än∈ΖAs,n=nx+ny+nzSo,thisisprovedthatE=n+32hÓ¬.

03

The value of  degeneracy

(b)

Assumtion of that,

nx=n⇒ny=0,nz=0⇒d=1So,nx=n-1⇒ny=1,nz=0ORny=0,nz=1⇒d=2Also,nx=n-2→ny=2nz=0ORny=0,nz=2ORny=1,nz=1⇒d=3Itisobtainedthat,dn=∑ii=1n+1=n+1n+22dn=n+1n+22Hence,thedegeneracydnisn+1n+22.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Construct the spin matrices(Sx,Sy a²Ô»åSz) , for a particle of spin 1. Hint: How many eigenstates ofSz are there? Determine the action of Sz, S+, and S−on each of these states. Follow the procedure used in the text for spin 1/2.

(a) Construct the wave function for hydrogen in the state n=4,I=3,m=3. Express your answer as a function of the spherical coordinates r,θandϕ.

(b) Find the expectation value of role="math" localid="1658391074946" rin this state. (As always, look up any nontrivial integrals.)

(c) If you could somehow measure the observable Lx2+Ly2on an atom in this state, what value (or values) could you get, and what is the probability of each?

The electron in a hydrogen atom occupies the combined spin and position stateR211/3Y10χ++2/3Y11χ-

(a) If you measured the orbital angular momentum squared L2, what values might you get, and what is the probability of each?

(b) Same for the component of orbital angular momentum Lz.

(c) Same for the spin angular momentum squaredS2 .

(d) Same for the component of spin angular momentum Sz.

Let J≡L+Sbe the total angular momentum.

(e) If you measureddata-custom-editor="chemistry" J2 , what values might you get, and what is the probability of each?

(f) Same forJz .

(g) If you measured the position of the particle, what is the probability density for finding it atr , θ,ϕ ?

(h) If you measured both the component of the spin and the distance from the origin (note that these are compatible observables), what is the probability density for finding the particle with spin up and at radius ?

A hydrogen atom starts out in the following linear combination of the stationary states n=2, l=1, m=1 and n=2, l=1, m=-1.

ψ(r,0)=12(ψ211+ψ21-1)

(a) Constructψ(r,t)Simplify it as much as you can.

(b) Find the expectation value of the potential energy,<V>. (Does it depend on t?) Give both the formula and the actual number, in electron volts.

An electron is in the spin state

χ=A3i4

(a) Determine the normalization constant .

(b) Find the expectation values of Sx,Sy , and Sz.

(c) Find the "uncertainties" ,σSx , σSyandσSz . (Note: These sigmas are standard deviations, not Pauli matrices!)

(d) Confirm that your results are consistent with all three uncertainty principles (Equation 4.100 and its cyclic permutations - only with in place ofL, of course).

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