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A thin uniform donut, carrying charge Qand mass M, rotates about its axis as shown in Fig. 5.64.

(a) Find the ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to its angular momentum. This is called the gyromagnetic ratio (or magnetomechanical ratio).

(b) What is the gyromagnetic ratio for a uniform spinning sphere? [This requires no new calculation; simply decompose the sphere into infinitesimal rings, and apply the result of part (a).]

(c) According to quantum mechanics, the angular momentum of a spinning

electron is 12, where is Planck's constant. What, then, is the electron's magnetic dipole moment, in Am2? [This semi classical value is actually off by a factor of almost exactly 2. Dirac's relativistic electron theory got the 2 right, and Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga later calculated tiny further corrections. The determination of the electron's magnetic dipole moment remains the finest achievement of quantum electrodynamics, and exhibits perhaps the most stunningly precise agreement between theory and experiment in all of physics.

Incidentally, the quantity (e /2m), where eis the charge of the electron and mis its mass, is called the Bohr magneton.]

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The gyromagnetic ratio of donut is Q2M.

(b) The gyromagnetic ratio of uniform spinning sphere is also Q2M.

(c) The magnetic dipole moment of electron is4.61\times10^{-24}\mathrm{~A}\cdot\mathrm{m}^{2}.

Step by step solution

01

Determine the gyromagnetic ratio(a)

The time period of rotation of donut is given as:

t=

The current in the donut is given as:

\begin{aligned}&I=\frac{Q}{t}\\&I=\frac{Q}{\left(\frac{2\pi}{\omega}\right)}\\&I=\frac{\text{I}}{\text{}}\end{aligned}

The cross sectional area of the donut is given as:

A=R2

The magnetic dipole moment of donut is given as:

m=1A

\begin{aligned}&m=\left(\frac{Q\omega}{2\pi}\right)\left(\piR^{2}\right)\\&m=\frac{Q\omegaR^{2}}{2}\end{aligned}

The angular momentum of donut is given as:

L=MR2

The gyromagnetic ratio of the donut is given as:

g=mL

Substitute all the values in the above equation.

\begin{aligned}g&=\frac{2}{M\omegaR^{2}}\\g&=\frac{Q}{2M}\end{aligned}

Therefore, the gyromagnetic ratio of donut is Q2M.

02

Determine the gyromagnetic ratio of uniform spinning sphere(b)

The gyromagnetic ratio of the donut does not depend on the geometric feature (radius) of donut so the gyromagnetic ratio of uniform spinning sphere would be same as of donut.

Therefore, the gyromagnetic ratio of uniform spinning sphere is also\frac{Q}{2M}.

03

Determine the magnetic dipole moment of electron(c)

Consider the expression for the magnetic dipole moment:

me=e4m4m

Here, 鞁 is Planck's constant and its value is 1.0510-34Js, e is the charge of electron and its value is 1.610-19C,mis the mass of electron and its value is 9.1110-31kg.

Substitute all the values in the above equation.

\begin{aligned}&m_{e}=\frac{\left(1.6\times10^{-19}\mathrm{C}\right)\left(1.05\times10^{-34}\mathrm{~J}\cdot\mathrm{s}\right)}{4\left(9.11\times10^{-31}\mathrm{~kg}\right)}\\&m_{\theta}=4.61\times10^{-24}\mathrm{~A}\cdot\mathrm{m}^{2}\end{aligned}

Therefore, the magnetic dipole moment of electron is4.6110-24Am2.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A circularly symmetrical magnetic field ( B depends only on the distance from the axis), pointing perpendicular to the page, occupies the shaded region in Fig. 5.58. If the total flux (B.da) is zero, show that a charged particle that starts out at the center will emerge from the field region on a radial path (provided it escapes at all). On the reverse trajectory, a particle fired at the center from outside will hit its target (if it has sufficient energy), though it may follow a weird route getting there. [Hint: Calculate the total angular momentum acquired by the particle, using the Lorentz force law.]

The magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop (Eq. 5.41) is far from uniform (it falls off sharply with increasing z). You can produce a more nearly uniform field by using two such loops a distanced apart (Fig. 5.59).

(a) Find the field (B) as a function of z, and show that Bzis zero at the point midway between them (z=0)

(b) If you pick d just right, the second derivative ofBwill also vanish at the midpoint. This arrangement is known as a Helmholtz coil; it's a convenient way of producing relatively uniform fields in the laboratory. Determine dsuch that

2B/z2=0at the midpoint, and find the resulting magnetic field at the center.

Question: Find the magnetic field at point Pfor each of the steady current configurations shown in Fig. 5.23.

Find the exact magnetic field a distancez above the center of a square loop of side w, carrying a current. Verify that it reduces to the field of a dipole, with the appropriate dipole moment, whenzw.

Question: Using Eq. 5.88, calculate the average magnetic field of a dipole over

a sphere of radius Rcentered at the origin. Do the angular integrals first. Compare your answer with the general theorem in Prob. 5.59. Explain the discrepancy, and indicate how Eq. 5.89 can be corrected to resolve the ambiguity at . (If you get stuck, refer to Prob. 3.48.) Evidently the truefield of a magnetic dipole is

Bdip(r)=04蟺谤3[3(mr^)r^-m]+203m3(r)Bdip(r)=04r3[3mr^r^-m]+203m3(r)

Compare the electrostatic analog, Eq. 3.106.

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