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Chapter 39: Problem 12

Why do we need higher-energy particle accelerators to explore fully the standard model?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Higher energy particle accelerators are required to fully explore the standard model because they allow for more intense collisions between particles. These collisions can create heavier particles that are not observable with lower energy collisions, allowing us to better test and validate the premises of the standard model. Higher energy levels also increase the chances of observing rare particles and phenomena, expanding our understanding of the universe.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the standard model

The standard model of particle physics is a theory that describes three of the four fundamental forces in the universe: electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force, alongside a classification scheme for all known particles. It is an integral part of contemporary physics.
02

Role of Particle Accelerators

Particle accelerators are crucial in the study of the standard model. They work by propelling charged particles, like protons or electrons, to high speeds and then allowing them to collide. These collisions generate energy and can lead to the creation of new particles, helping physicists to discover and understand the properties of the fundamental elements of matter.
03

The Need for Higher Energy

A higher energy particle accelerator allows particles to be accelerated to greater speeds, which in turn results in higher energy collisions. The higher energy collisions can create heavier particles which could not be observed with lower energy collisions. The discovery or detection of these heavier particles, and their properties, is key to fully exploring and understanding the standard model, as it helps to validate or challenge its existing premises. An additionally important aspect is that higher energies also increase the likelihood of rare events happening, facilitating the observation of rare particles and thus enabling us to delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Find the relativistic factor \(\gamma\) for a 14 -TeV proton in the Large Hadron Collider. (b) Find the proton's speed, expressed as a decimal fraction of \(c,\) and accurate to 10 significant figures (you might need the binomial theorem here).

Are either or both of these decay schemes possible for the tau particle: (a) \(\tau^{-} \rightarrow e^{-}+\bar{\nu}_{e}+\nu_{\tau} ;\) (b) \(\tau^{-} \rightarrow \pi^{-}+\pi^{0}+\nu_{\tau} ?\)

Describe the relation between the strong force and the nuclear force.

Pions are the lightest mesons, with mass some 270 times that of the electron. Charged pions decay typically into a muon and a neutrino or antineutrino. This makes pion beams useful for producing beams of neutrinos, which physicists use to study those elusive particles. In a medical application during the late 20 th century, accelerator centers installed "biomedical beam lines" to test pions for cancer therapy. In these experiments, pions attached themselves to atomic nuclei within cancer cells. The nuclei would literally explode, delivering a "pion star" of cancer-killing nuclear debris. Unfortunately, results were not as encouraging as hoped, and enthusiasm for this technique has waned. The negative pion usually decays into a negative muon and one other particle. The other particle could be a. a proton. b. an antineutrino. c. a neutrino. d. an up quark.

Name the fundamental force involved in (a) binding of a proton and a neutron to make a deuterium nucleus; (b) decay of a neutron to a proton, an electron, and a neutrino; (c) binding of an electron and a proton to make a hydrogen atom.
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