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Chapter 36: Problem 29

Write the full electronic structure of scandium.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The full electronic structure of scandium (Sc) is: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^1.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Element

We start by identifying our element. Scandium (Sc) has an atomic number of 21. This is crucial information because it tells us the number of protons in the nucleus which is equaled by the number of electrons in a neutral atom. In this case, scandium has 21 electrons.
02

Electron Distribution in Shells

The principle energy levels (shells) of an atom can be distributed as follows: 1st shell: 2 electrons (in the s subshell), 2nd shell: 8 electrons (2 in the s subshell and 6 in the p subshell), 3rd shell: 8 electrons (2 in the s subshell, 6 in the p subshell), and 4th shell: usually receives the remaining electrons (could be in s, p, d, or f subshells).
03

Determine Electron Configuration

Start filling the shells from the lowest energy level upwards (following Hund's rule and the Aufbau principle). For scandium, it goes like this: 1st shell (1s): has 2 electrons, total so far: 2, 2nd shell (2s, 2p): has 8 electrons (2 in 2s and 6 in 2p), total so far: 10, 3rd shell (3s, 3p): has 8 electrons (2 in 3s and 6 in 3p), total so far: 18, 3rd shell (3d): has 1 electron (the remaining electron goes into the d subshell of the third shell), total so far: 19, 4th shell (4s): has 2 electrons (the remaining 2 electrons go into the fourth shell).
04

Write Full Electronic Configuration

With all the above, we can now write the full electronic configuration of scandium as: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^1. Note that the 4s subshell fills before the 3d subshell. This is one of the exceptions to the 'fill from the lowest energy level up' rule and is common among transition metals.

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