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Describe a few of your favorite, and least favorite, irreversible processes. In each case, explain how you can tell that the entropy of the universe increases.

Short Answer

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The entropy of the universe increases an example of irreversible processes are

Allowing a hot cup of tea to cool on its own and an egg that has fallen on the floor and cracked open, spilling its contents and in general, anything that cannot occur spontaneously in a time-reversed form is irreversible. If you leave a cup of tea alone, it will never heat up. A broken egg, likewise, will never rejoin itself.

Step by step solution

01

Step: 1 Definition of irreversible process in entropy:

The overall energy of the system and its environment grows when an irreversible event occurs. To establish whether or not a hypothetical process is reversible, the second law of thermodynamics can be applied. When there's no dissipation, a process appears to be reversible.The entropy of the cosmos remains unaltered in a reversible process, whereas the entropy of the universe grows in an irreversible process. It also rises when a quantifiable non-spontaneous process occurs. Because energy continually goes downward, entropy increases.

02

Step: 2 Example of irreversible process:

The entropy of the universe increases an example of irreversible processes are:
1Allowing a hot cup of tea to cool on its own.

2An egg that has fallen on the floor and cracked open, spilling its contents.

3In general, anything that cannot occur spontaneously in a time-reversed form is irreversible. If you leave a cup of tea alone, it will never heat up. A broken egg, likewise, will never rejoin itself.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

For an Einstein solid with each of the following values of N and q , list all of the possible microstates, count them, and verify formula Ω(N,q)=q+N−1q=(q+N−1)!q!(N−1)!

(a) N=3,q=4

(b)N=3,q=5

(c) N=3,q=6

(d) N=4,q=2

(e) N=4,q=3

(f) N=1,q=anything

(g) N= anything, q=1

Suppose you flip1000 coins.
a What is the probability of getting exactly 500heads and 500tails? (Hint: First write down a formula for the total number of possible outcomes. Then, to determine the "multiplicity" of the 500-500"macrostate," use Stirling's approximation. If you have a fancy calculator that makes Stirling's approximation unnecessary, multiply all the numbers in this problem by 10, or 100, or1000, until Stirling's approximation becomes necessary.)
bWhat is the probability of getting exactly 600heads and400 tails?

Fill in the algebraic steps to derive the Sackur-Tetrode equation(2.49).

According to the Sackur-Tetrode equation, the entropy of a monatomic ideal gas can become negative when its temperature (and hence its energy) is sufficiently low. Of course this is absurd, so the Sackur-Tetrode equation must be invalid at very low temperatures. Suppose you start with a sample of helium at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, then lower the temperature holding the density fixed. Pretend that the helium remains a gas and does not liquefy. Below what temperature would the Sackur-Tetrode equation predict that Sis negative? (The behavior of gases at very low temperatures is the main subject of Chapter 7.)

Find an expression for the entropy of the two-dimensional ideal gas considered in Problem 2.26. Express your result in terms of U,AandN.

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