/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 8 Commercial dredging operations i... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91Ó°ÊÓ

91Ó°ÊÓ

Commercial dredging operations in ancient rivers occasionally uncover archaeological artifacts of great importance. One such artifact is Bronze Age spearheads recovered from ancient rivers in Ireland. A recent study gave the following information regarding discoveries of ancient bronze spearheads in Irish rivers. $$\begin{array}{l|ccccc} \text { River } & \text { Bann } & \text { Blackwater } & \text { Erne } & \text { Shannon } & \text { Barrow } \\\ \hline \text { No. of spearheads } & 19 & 8 & 15 & 33 & 14 \end{array}$$ (Based on information from Crossing the Rubicon, Bronze Age Studies 5 Lorraine Bourke, Department of Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway.) (a) Make a Pareto chart for these data. (b) Make a circle graph for these data.

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Pareto chart: Shannon, Bann, Erne, Barrow, Blackwater. (b) Circle graph: Slices based on percentages 37.08%, 21.35%, 16.85%, 15.73%, 8.99%.

Step by step solution

01

Organize the Data for Pareto Chart

First, rearrange the data in descending order based on the number of spearheads found in each river. The order will be Shannon (33), Bann (19), Erne (15), Barrow (14), and Blackwater (8).
02

Calculate Percentages for Pareto Chart

Calculate the percentage of total spearheads for each river. The sums of the spearheads are 89. Each percentage is calculated as follows:\[ \text{Percentage} = \left( \frac{\text{No. of spearheads for river}}{89} \right) \times 100 \]For Shannon: (33/89) × 100 ≈ 37.08%, Bann: (19/89) × 100 ≈ 21.35%, Erne: (15/89) × 100 ≈ 16.85%, Barrow: (14/89) × 100 ≈ 15.73%, Blackwater: (8/89) × 100 ≈ 8.99%.
03

Create the Pareto Chart

Using the percentages, draw the Pareto chart with rivers on the x-axis arranged in order of decreasing spearhead count. The y-axis shows the percentages calculated. Highlight Shannon for the highest occurrence.
04

Prepare Data for Circle Graph

For each river, use the percentages calculated previously to determine the angle for each slice in the circle graph:\[ \text{Angle} = \left( \text{Percentage} \div 100 \right) \times 360 \]Shannon: (37.08% of 360) ≈ 133.49°, Bann: (21.35% of 360) ≈ 76.87°, Erne: (16.85% of 360) ≈ 60.66°, Barrow: (15.73% of 360) ≈ 56.63°, Blackwater: (8.99% of 360) ≈ 32.36°.
05

Draw the Circle Graph

Draw a circle graph (pie chart) using the angles calculated. Ensure each river is represented by a different section of the circle with proportional angles, starting from the top, usually with the largest section, Shannon, and moving in clockwise order.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91Ó°ÊÓ!

Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding the Pareto Chart
A Pareto chart is a useful tool to visualize and prioritize categories of data. It combines both a bar graph and a line graph. The bars represent individual values in descending order, while the line represents cumulative totals. This helps in identifying the most significant factors in a data set.

In the example of Irish rivers with Bronze Age spearheads, imagine each river's name along the bottom (x-axis), starting with the river having the most spearheads, Shannon, and ending with Blackwater. The vertical bars correspond to the number of spearheads found in each river and diminish in height from left to right.

On the right side of the chart, there's a line graph that steadily climbs, showing the cumulative percentage. It provides visual cues about which rivers contribute most to the total spearheads discovered. This makes it clear that Shannon has the largest share, at 37.08%, followed by other rivers. Pareto charts help prioritize which areas to focus on, based on their contribution to a total.
Explaining Circle Graphs
Circle graphs, commonly known as pie charts, are a great way to show proportional relationships visually. Especially when dealing with data that sums up to a whole, like 100%, a pie chart can simplify complex information into an easily digestible format.

In the scenario of the spearheads data, a circle graph illustrates each river's share as slices of a pie. Each slice corresponds in size to the calculated percentage from the total spearheads count. For example, Shannon, being the river with the most spearheads, has the largest slice, covering approximately 133.49° of the 360° circle.

This method of data visualization is perfect for conveying the notion of parts of a whole. It enables quick comprehension of how big or small each category is relative to others. Each river has its designated slice, allowing us to see not just the river's individual contribution, but also compare it against others instantly.
The Importance of Data Visualization
Data visualization is a powerful technique that transforms complex data into accessible visual forms. This makes understanding trends, patterns, and outliers much easier than looking at raw numbers.

For the task involving the distribution of spearheads among Irish rivers, data visualization techniques were pivotal. The Pareto chart highlights which rivers are most significant in terms of spearhead discoveries at a glance, prioritizing areas that hold more interest for further archaeological expeditions. On the other hand, the circle graph efficiently communicates the proportionality and distribution among all rivers.

Using such visual aids supports decision-making and analysis, enhancing comprehension across a broader audience. It's an essential skill for anyone dealing with data, as it aids in storytelling and provides clarity. By converting numerical data into graphs and charts, one can deliver insights that are instantly understandable.

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

You are manager of a specialty coffee shop and collect data throughout a full day regarding waiting time for customers from the time they enter the shop until the time they pick up their order. (a) What type of distribution do you think would be most desirable for the waiting times: skewed right, skewed left, mound-shaped symmetric? Explain. (b) What if the distribution for waiting times were bimodal? What might be some explanations?

The following data represent annual salaries, in thousands of dollars, for employees of a small company. Notice that the data have been sorted in increasing order. $$\begin{array}{ccccccccccccc} 54 & 55 & 55 & 57 & 57 & 59 & 60 & 65 & 65 & 65 & 66 & 68 & 68 \\ 69 & 69 & 70 & 70 & 70 & 75 & 75 & 75 & 75 & 77 & 82 & 82 & 82 \\ 88 & 89 & 89 & 91 & 91 & 97 & 98 & 98 & 98 & 280 & & \end{array}$$ (a) Make a histogram using the class boundaries 53.5,99.5,145.5,191.5 237.5,283.5 (b) Look at the last data value. Does it appear to be an outlier? Could this be the owner's salary? (c) Eliminate the high salary of 280 thousand dollars. Make a new histogram using the class boundaries \(53.5,62.5,71.5,80.5,89.5,98.5 .\) Does this histogram reflect the salary distribution of most of the employees better than the histogram in part (a)?

It's not an easy life, but it's a good life! Suppose you decide to take the summer off and sign on as a deck hand for a commercial fishing boat in Alaska that specializes in deep-water fishing for groundfish. What kind of fish can you expect to catch? One way to answer this question is to examine government reports on groundfish caught in the Gulf of Alaska. The following list indicates the types of fish caught annually in thousands of metric tons (Source: Report on the Status of U.S. Living Marine 91Ó°ÊÓ, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration): flatfish, \(36.3 ;\) Pacific cod, \(68.6 ;\) sablefish, \(16.0 ;\) Walleye pollock, \(71.2 ;\) rockfish, \(18.9 .\) Make a Pareto chart showing the annual harvest for commercial fishing in the Gulf of Alaska.

It is costly in both time and money to go to college. Does it pay off? According to the Bureau of the Census, the answer is yes. The average annual income (in thousands of dollars) of a household headed by a person with the stated education level is as follows: 24.3 if ninth grade is the highest level achieved, 41.4 for high school graduates, 59.7 for those holding associate degrees, 82.7 for those with bachelor's degrees, 100.8 for those with master's degrees, and 121.6 for those with doctoral degrees. Make a bar graph showing household income for each education level.

The Wind Mountain excavation site in New Mexico is an important archaeological location of the ancient Native American Anasazi culture. The following data represent depths (in cm) below surface grade at which significant artifacts were discovered at this site (Reference: A. I. Woosley and A. J. McIntyre, Mimbres Mogollon Archaeology, University of New Mexico Press). Note: These data are also available for download at the Companion Sites for this text. $$\begin{array}{cccccccccc} 85 & 45 & 75 & 60 & 90 & 90 & 115 & 30 & 55 & 58 \\ 78 & 120 & 80 & 65 & 65 & 140 & 65 & 50 & 30 & 125 \\ 75 & 137 & 80 & 120 & 15 & 45 & 70 & 65 & 50 & 45 \\ 95 & 70 & 70 & 28 & 40 & 125 & 105 & 75 & 80 & 70 \\ 90 & 68 & 73 & 75 & 55 & 70 & 95 & 65 & 200 & 75 \\ 15 & 90 & 46 & 33 & 100 & 65 & 60 & 55 & 85 & 50 \\ 10 & 68 & 99 & 145 & 45 & 75 & 45 & 95 & 85 & 65 \\ 65 & 52 & 82 & & \end{array}$$ Use seven classes.

See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Math Textbooks

View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.