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Chapter 4: Q. 101 (page 281)

Acupuncture and pregnancy A study sought to determine if the ancient Chinese art of

acupuncture could help infertile women become pregnant.

63 A total of 160 healthy

women undergoing assisted reproductive therapy were recruited for the study. Half of

the subjects were randomly assigned to receive acupuncture treatment 25 minutes before

embryo transfer and again 25 minutes after the transfer. The remaining 80 subjects were

instructed to lie still for 25 minutes after the embryo transfer. Results: In the acupuncture

group, 34 women became pregnant. In the control group, 21 women became pregnant.

a. Why did researchers randomly assign the subjects to the two treatments?

b. The difference in the percent of women who became pregnant in the two groups is

statistically significant. Explain what this means to someone who knows little

statistics.

c. Explain why the design of the study prevents us from concluding that acupuncture

caused the difference in pregnancy rates.

Short Answer

Expert verified

There was no blinding in this study.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

160 healthy women undergoing were assisted reproductive therapy for study.

02

explanation:

A double-blind experiment is one in which neither the subjects nor the individuals who measure know which treatment was received, while in the single-blind experiment either the individuals who measure or the subjects know which treatment was received (but not both).

A placebo is something that is identical to the treatment received by the treatment group, except that is contains no active ingredients.

03

Given information

The difference in the percent of women who became pregnant in the two groups is

statistically significant.

04

Explanation

The placebo effect is an effect produced by a placebo, which cannot be due to the placebo itself, and is thus caused by the patient's belief in that treatment.

In this case, we note that the study was not blinded, because the women were aware of which treatment they received.

05

Given information

The design of the study prevents us from concluding that acupuncture

caused the difference in pregnancy rates.

06

explanation

This then prevents us from concluding causation, because the knowledge of which treatment they received could affect the results of the study and thus we cannot determine which differences are due to the placebo effect and which differences are due to the treatments themselves.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Two essential features of all statistically designed experiments are

a. comparing several treatments; using the double-blind method.

b. comparing several treatments; using chance to assign subjects to treatments.

c. always having a placebo group; using the double-blind method.

d. using a block design; using chance to assign subjects to treatments.

e. using enough subjects; always having a control group.

Researchers randomly selected1700 people from Canada who had never suffered a

heart attack and rated the happiness of each person. Ten years later, the researchers

followed up with each person and found that people who were initially rated as happy

They were less likely to have a heart problem.

Which of the following is the most

appropriate conclusion based on this study?

a. Happiness causes better heart health for all people.

b. Happiness causes better heart health for Canadians.

c. Happiness causes better heart health for the1700people in the study.

d. Happier people in Canada are less likely to have heart problems.

e. Happier people in the study were less likely to have heart problems.

A TV station wishes to obtain information on the TV viewing habits in its market area.

The market area contains one city of population 170,000, another city of70,000, and

four towns of about 5000residents each. The station suspects that the viewing habits

may be different in larger and smaller cities and in the rural areas. Which of the

following sampling designs would yield the type of information the station requires?

a. A stratified sample from the cities and towns in the market area

b. A cluster sample using the cities and towns as clusters

c. A convenience sample from the market area

d. A simple random sample from the market area

e. An online poll that invites all people from the cities and towns in the market area to

participate.

Foster care versus orphanages Do abandoned children placed in foster homes do better than similar children placed in an institution? The Bucharest Early Intervention Project found statistically significant evidence that they do. The subjects were 136young children abandoned at birth and living in orphanages in Bucharest, Romania. Half of the children, chosen at random, were placed in foster homes. The other half remained in the orphanages. (Foster care was not easily available in Romania at the time and so was paid for by the study.) What conclusion can we draw from this study? Explain your reasoning.

Can a vegetarian or low-salt diet reduce blood pressure? Men with high blood pressure are

assigned at random to one of four diets: (1) normal diet with unrestricted salt; (2)

vegetarian with unrestricted salt; (3) normal with restricted salt; and (4) vegetarian with

restricted salt. This experiment has

  1. one factor, the type of diet.
  2. two factors, high blood pressure and type of diet.
  3. two factors, normal/vegetarian diet and unrestricted/restricted salt.
  4. three factors, men, high blood pressure, and type of diet.
  5. four factors, the four diets being compared.
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