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Chapter 4: Q 1.1. (page 211)
A farmer brings a juice company several crates of oranges each week. A company inspector looks at oranges from the top of each crate before deciding whether to buy all the oranges.
Convenience sampling.
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Effects of TV advertising Figure displays the six treatments for a two-factor experiment on TV advertising. Suppose we have students who are willing to serve as subjects. Describe how you would randomly assign the subjects to the treatments
(a) using slips of paper.
(b) using Table D.
(c) using technology.
Do placebos really work? Researchers in Japan conducted an experiment on 1 individuals who were extremely allergic to poison ivy. On one arm, each subject was rubbed with a poison ivy leaf and told the leaf was harmless. On the other arm, each subject was rubbed with a harmless leaf and told it was poison ivy. All the subjects developed a rash on the arm where the harmless leaf was rubbed. Of the
subjects, 11 did not have any reaction to the real poison ivy leaf.
(a) What was the placebo in this experiment?
(b) Explain how the results of this study support the idea of a placebo effect.
Cocoa and blood flowA study conducted by Norman Hollenberg, professor of medicine at Brigham and Women鈥檚 Hospital and Harvard Medical School,
involved healthy people aged . Each subject consumed a cocoa beverage containing milligrams of flavonols (a class of flavonoids) daily
for five days. Using a finger cuff, blood flow was measured on the first and fifth days of the study. After five days, researchers measured what they called 鈥渟ignifi-
cant improvement鈥� in blood flow and the function of the cells that line the blood vessels. What flaw in the design of this experiment makes it impossible to say
whether the cocoa really caused the improved blood flow? Explain.
Prayer and meditation You read in a magazine that 鈥渘onphysical treatments such as meditation and prayer have been shown to be effective in controlled scientific studies for such ailments as high blood pressure, insomnia, ulcers, and asthma.鈥� Explain in simple language what the article means by 鈥渃ontrolled scientific studies.鈥� Why can such studies provide good evidence that meditation is an effective
treatment for high blood pressure?
Systematic random sample Sample surveys often use a systematic random sample to choose a sample of apartments in a large building or housing units in a block at the last stage of a multistage sample. Here is a description of how to choose a systematic random sample. Suppose that we must choose addresses out of Because we can think of the list as four lists of addresses. Choose of the first addresses at random using Table D. The sample contains this address and the addresses and places down the list from it. If the table gives for example, then the systematic random sample consists of the addresses numbered and
(a) Use Table D to choose a systematic random sample of addresses from a list of Enter the table at line
(b) Like an SRS, a systematic random sample gives all individuals the same chance to be chosen. Explain why this is true. Then explain carefully why a systematic sample is not an SRS.
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