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The researchers from Exercise 2 created a \(95 \%\) two-proportion confidence interval for the difference in those who are "highly satisfied" when comparing people who work at non-profits to people who work at forprofit companies. Interpret the interval with a sentence in context. \(95 \%\) confidence interval for $$ p_{\text {non-profits }}-P_{\text {for-profits }}=(1.77 \%, 10.50 \%) $$

Short Answer

Expert verified
The \(95 \%\) confidence interval for the difference in the proportion of people who are 'highly satisfied' between those who work at non-profits and those who work at for-profit companies indicates that, after account for sampling variability, we can be \(95 \%\) confident that the true difference in satisfaction levels for population lies somewhere between \(1.77 \%\) and \(10.50 \%\) (with the proportion at non-profits being higher).

Step by step solution

01

Understand Confidence Intervals

A confidence interval provides an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter. A \(95 \%\) confidence interval is interpreted as \(95 \%\) of the confidence intervals would include the true population parameter.
02

Interpret the Interval

The \(95 \%\) confidence interval for the difference in the proportions of those who are 'highly satisfied' at non-profit and for-profit companies is \(1.77 \%\) to \(10.50 \%\). The difference is the proportion at non-profits minus the proportion at for-profit companies.
03

Write the Interpretation in Context

This confidence interval suggests that after subtracting the proportion of 'highly satisfied' workers at for-profit companies from those at non-profits, we would get a value between \(1.77 \%\) and \(10.50 \%\) for \(95 \%\) of all possible samples.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Statistical Confidence Level
When interpreting the results of a statistical test, it's crucial to appreciate the concept of a statistical confidence level. This is a measure of how sure we can be in making statements about a population based on a sample. For instance, a 95% confidence level indicates that if we were to take 100 random samples from the population and calculate 100 confidence intervals, we would expect about 95 of those intervals to actually contain the true population parameter.

This doesn't mean there's a 95% chance the true parameter lies within our one calculated interval. Instead, it's about the reliability of the procedure used to generate the interval. Understanding this distinction helps students avoid common misconceptions about confidence levels. Higher confidence levels give wider intervals, offering more security about the estimates but less precision, while lower levels give the opposite. This balance between assurance and precision is at the heart of statistical inference.
Population Parameter Estimation
Estimating population parameters is like painting a picture of an entire landscape from just a glimpse through a keyhole. Population parameters (like means or proportions) describe characteristics of an entire group, but often we only have data from a sample. Via this sample, we use mathematical methods to create estimates for the whole population, such as the mean or proportion.

In the context of the given exercise, the difference in the level of 'highly satisfied' workers between nonprofit and for-profit sectors (designated by probabilities like p_{non-profits} and p_{for-profits}) is the parameter of interest. Here, we use the sample data to estimate the possible range for this difference. Our confidence interval offers a range where we can be reasonably sure that the true difference in satisfaction levels across all organizations of these types will fall, assuming we’ve accounted for sampling variability and that our sample is representative of the larger group we're studying.
Two-Proportion Confidence Interval
The two-proportion confidence interval is a specific application of confidence intervals used when comparing two independent groups. It estimates the difference between the population proportions of these groups. In such scenarios, it's not just about knowing the individual estimates but rather the size and direction of the difference between them.

In our exercise's case, the interval from 1.77% to 10.50% is not just about how 'highly satisfied' workers are within one sector; it's giving us the estimated range of how much more satisfied workers at non-profits might be compared to those at for-profits. Such analysis is crucial when making comparisons between two distinct segments, and they provide insight that could lead to meaningful actions or policy decisions based on how the two segments differ in a particular aspect.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Eight hundred eighty-six randomly sampled teens were asked which of several personal items of information they thought it ok to share with someone they had just met. Forty-four percent said it was ok to share their e-mail addresses, but only \(29 \%\) said they would give out their cell phone numbers. A researcher claims that a two-proportion z-test could tell whether there was a real difference among all teens. Explain why that test would not be appropriate for these data.

Suppose an advocacy organization surveys 960 Canadians and 192 of them reported being born in another country (www.unitednorthamerica.org/simdiff.htm). Similarly, 170 out of 1250 U.S. citizens reported being foreign-born. Find the standard error of the difference in sample proportions.

The data below show the sugar content (as a percentage of weight) of several national brands of children’s and adults’ cereals. Create and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean sugar content. Be sure to check the necessary assumptions and conditions Children's cereals: 40.3, 55, 45.7, 43.3, 50.3, 45.9, 53.5, 43,44.2,44,47.4,44,33.6,55.1,48.8,50.4,37.8,60.3,46.6 Adults' cereals: \(20,30.2,2.2,7.5,4.4,22.2,16.6,14.5,\) \(21.4,3.3,6.6,7.8,10.6,16.2,14.5,4.1,15.8,4.1,2.4,3.5,\) 8.5,10,1,4.4,1.3,8.1,4.7,18.4

Egyptians Some archaeologists theorize that ancient Egyptians interbred with several different immigrant populations over thousands of years. To see if there is any indication of changes in body structure that might have resulted, they measured 30 skulls of male Egyptians dated from 4000 B.c.E. and 30 others dated from 200 B.C.E. (A. Thomson and R. Randall-Maciver, Ancient Races of the Thebaid, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1905\()\) a) Are these data appropriate for inference? Explain. b) Create a \(95 \%\) confidence interval for the difference in mean skull breadth between these two eras. c) Do these data provide evidence that the mean breadth of males' skulls changed over this period? Explain. d) Perform Tukey's test for the difference. Do your conclusions of part c change? \({ }^{*}\) e) Perform a rank sum test for the difference. Do your conclusions of part c change?

In 2001 , the conclusion of the study outlined in Exercise 41 was questioned. A new \(9-\) year study was conducted in Sweden, comparing 21,088 women who had mammograms with 21,195 who did not. Of the women who underwent screening, 63 died of breast cancer, compared to 66 deaths among the control group. (The New York Times, Dec. 9,2001 ) a. Do these results support the effectiveness of regular mammograms in preventing deaths from breast cancer? b. If your conclusion is incorrect, what kind of error have you committed?

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