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Chapter 1: Problem 84

Three situations are described at the start of this section, on page \(29 .\) In the third bullet, we describe an association between the amount of salt spread on the roads and the number of accidents. Describe a possible confounding variable and explain how it fits the definition of a confounding variable.

Short Answer

Expert verified
In the association between the amount of salt spread on roads and the number of accidents, a possible confounding variable could be weather conditions. Weather conditions like rainfall or snowfall influence both the amount of salt spread on roads (more in adverse weather conditions) and the number of accidents (more in bad weather due to poor visibility and road conditions).

Step by step solution

01

Identification of Confounding Variable

In the relation between the amount of salt spread on roads and the number of accidents, a possible confounding variable could be the weather conditions. Weather conditions like rainfall, snowfall or icy conditions could influence both the amount of salt spread on roads as well as the number of accidents. For instance, in adverse weather conditions, more salt would be spread on roads to prevent ice formation, and these are the same conditions under which most accidents could occur.
02

Explanation of the Confounding Variable

A confounding variable is one that influences both the dependent variable (number of accidents in this case) and the independent variable (amount of salt spread on the roads). The weather conditions fit this definition as they affect the amount of salt spread (more in bad weather, less in good weather) as well as the number of accidents (more in bad weather due to poor visibility and icy roads, less in good weather). It creates a spurious association, i.e., the correlation between salt spread and accidents may be mistakenly attributed to these two variables, whereas the weather may be the actual cause of both.

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