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Chapter 1: Problem 74

Describe an association between two variables. Give a confounding variable that may help to account for this association. Air pollution is higher in places with a higher proportion of paved ground relative to grassy ground.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Air pollution is observed to be higher in areas with higher proportions of paved ground compared to grassy ground. A possible confounding variable could be the level of industrialization or urban development, which often coincides with the presence of paved areas and is known for contributing to higher air pollution.

Step by step solution

01

Defining the Variables

The first step is determining the two main variables. In this case, the variables are 'air pollution' and 'proportion of paved ground vs grassy ground'. The association that is seemingly inferred from the exercise is that air pollution is higher in areas with a higher proportion of paved ground compared to grassy ground.
02

Explaining the Association

The association between these two variables suggests that as the proportion of paved ground increases, the level of air pollution also increases. This could be due to multiple reasons; perhaps paved areas usually coincide with urban or industrial locations, which are known for higher air pollution
03

Identifying the Confounding Variable

A confounding variable is an external factor that could influence the relation between the two main variables. It could help to account for the association that is observed. Here, a possible confounding variable could be 'industrialization or urban development'. It might be the case that paved areas are typically located in more urban or industrialized areas, which often have higher levels of air pollution due to increased human activity and industrial emissions. Thus, the higher levels of air pollution could be largely influenced by the level of industrialization or urban development, and not solely by the proportion of paved ground.

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