/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 6 "Fruit Juice May Be Fueling Pudg... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 2: Problem 6

"Fruit Juice May Be Fueling Pudgy Preschoolers, Study Says" is the title of an article that appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (February 27, 2005). This article describes a study that found that for 3 - and 4-year-olds, drinking something sweet once or twice a day doubled the risk of being seriously overweight one year later. The authors of the study state Total energy may be a confounder if consumption of sweet drinks is a marker for other dietary factors associated with overweight ( Pediatrics, November 2005\()\). Give an example of a dietary factor that might be one of the potentially confounding variables the study authors are worried about.

Short Answer

Expert verified
One example of a potentially confounding variable in this study could be the overall quantity of food intake, apart from the sweet drinks. This might include larger portion sizes or more frequent meals. However, the exact dietary habits associated with sweet drink consumption would need to be investigated further in the study.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Concept of Confounding Variables

A confounding variable is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (positively or negatively) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable. It can indicate that there may be other variables at play and provide an alternate explanation for the results.
02

Identify the variables in given scenario

In this particular study, the independent variable would be the consumption of sweet drinks and the dependent variable would be the risk of being overweight. However, the authors of the study denote that 'total energy ingestion' could be a confounding variable, which means, other dietary factors associated with the chance of being overweight apart from just sweet drinks. This means there could be other dietary habits linked with sweet drink consumption that also contribute to weight gain.
03

Propose a Confounding Variable

One potential confounding variable to propose could be the overall quantity of food intake, apart from the sweet drinks. For instance, it could be that individuals who frequently consume sweet drinks may also have a habit of consuming larger portion sizes or more frequent meals, which could independently contribute to weight gain. This is just one example - the exact dietary habits associated with sweet drink consumption would need to be investigated in more details in the study.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Dietary Habits
Dietary habits involve the regular choices and patterns of eating and drinking by an individual. These habits play a crucial role in determining overall health and energy levels.
Factors such as the types of foods consumed, meal frequency, and portion sizes fall under this umbrella.
For instance, if a child regularly consumes high-calorie snacks in addition to sweet drinks, their overall energy intake could increase significantly.
  • Balanced vs. unbalanced meal choices
  • Frequency and timing of meals
  • Portion sizes and control
It's essential to consider how these various factors combine to influence health outcomes like weight gain. In the case of this study, dietary habits apart from the consumption of sweet beverages might be contributing to the observed overweight risk.
Energy Ingestion
Energy ingestion refers to the total caloric intake from food and drinks. It is the body's way of receiving the necessary fuel to function. When discussing energy ingestion, it's not just about what is consumed but also how much.
In the context of the study, even if the children consume only slightly higher calorie foods and drinks more frequently, it adds up over time.
  • Calories from food vs. drinks
  • High-calorie vs. low-calorie options
  • The role of nutrient density in energy provision
Proper understanding and managing energy ingestion is key to maintaining a healthy weight. High caloric intake without proportional energy expenditure can lead to weight gain.
Overweight Risk
The risk of becoming overweight is influenced by various factors, including genetics, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices. The study mentioned finds a direct connection between the consumption of sweet drinks and an increased risk of being overweight.
This means that other factors, like broader dietary habits and physical activity levels, also play significant roles.
  • Impact of sedentary lifestyle
  • Genetic predispositions
  • Dietary triggers and their effects
Understanding these associations is crucial for addressing overweight risks effectively. Preventive measures should include a holistic view of dietary patterns and physical activity.
Consumption of Sweet Drinks
Sweet drinks, which include sugary sodas, fruit juices, and sweetened teas, often contain high levels of sugar and calories which can contribute to excessive caloric intake. Regular consumption of these drinks has been associated with various health issues, including an increased risk of becoming overweight in children.
It鈥檚 essential to note that sweet drinks can also displace more nutritious alternatives in one's diet.
  • High sugar content and its metabolic effects
  • Potential to replace healthier drink options, like water
  • Long-term health implications of frequent consumption
Reducing the intake of sweet drinks can be a positive step toward better health and lower overweight risk. Consider substituting these drinks with healthier options to better manage daily caloric intake.

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

A survey described in the paper "The Adolescent Health Review: A Brief Multidimensional Screening Instrument" (Journal of Adolescent Health [2001]:131-139) attempted to address psychosocial factors thought to be of importance in preventive health care for adolescents. For each risk area in the following list, construct a question that would be comprehensible to students in grades \(9-12\) and that would provide information about the risk factor. Make your questions multiple-choice, and provide possible responses. a. Lack of exercise b. Poor nutrition c. Emotional distress d. Sexual activity e. Cigarette smoking f. Alcohol use

In an experiment to compare two different surgical procedures for hernia repair (鈥淎 Single-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Laparoscopic Versus Open Hernia Repair in Children," Pediatrics [2009]: 332- 336), 89 children were assigned at random to one of the two surgical methods. The methods studied were laparoscopic repair and open repair. In laparoscopic repair, three small incisions are made and the surgeon works through these incisions with the aid of a small camera that is inserted through one of the incisions. In the open repair, a larger incision is used to open the abdomen. One of the response variables in this study was the amount of medication that was given after the surgery for the control of pain and nausea. The paper states "For postoperative pain, rescue fentanyl \((1 \mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{kg})\) and for nausea, ondansetron \((0.1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg})\) were given as judged necessary by the attending nurse blinded to the operative approach." a. Why do you think it was important that the nurse who administered the medications did not know which type of surgery was performed? b. Explain why it was not possible for this experiment to be double-blind.

An experiment to evaluate whether vitamins can help prevent recurrence of blocked arteries in patients who have had surgery to clear blocked arteries was described in the article "Vitamins Found to Help Prevent Blocked Arteries鈥� (Associated Press, September 1, 2002). The study involved 205 patients who were given either a treatment consisting of a combination of folic acid, vitamin \(\mathrm{B} 12\), and vitamin \(\mathrm{B} 6\) or a placebo for 6 months. a. Explain why a placebo group was used in this experiment. b. Explain why it would be important for the researchers to have assigned the 205 subjects to the two groups (vitamin and placebo) at random. c. Do you think it is appropriate to generalize the results of this experiment to the population of all patients who have undergone surgery to clear blocked arteries? Explain.

The authors of the paper "Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults' Use of the Internet" (Communication Research [2008]: \(602-621\) ) were interested in determining if people with higher levels of education use the Internet in different ways than those who do not have as much formal education. To answer this question, they used data from a national telephone survey. Approximately 1300 households were selected for the survey, and 270 of them completed the interview. What type of bias should the researchers be concerned about and why?

The San Luis Obispo Tribune (May 7, 2002) reported that "a new analysis has found that in the majority of trials conducted by drug companies in recent decades, sugar pills have done as well as-or better than-antidepressants." What effect is being described here? What does this imply about the design of experiments with a goal of evaluating the effectiveness of a new medication?
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Math Textbooks

Statistics

Read Explanation

Theoretical and Mathematical Physics

Read Explanation

Decision Maths

Read Explanation

Logic and Functions

Read Explanation

Probability and Statistics

Read Explanation

Pure Maths

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.