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When we discuss 'population' in the realm of statistics, we're not just talking about people. Population in statistics refers to the entire set of subjects or items that we are interested in studying. This set can include everything from objects, events, or living things. In the case of the Gowanus Canal, the population comprises all chemical and biological elements within its waters.
To thoroughly understand the canal's condition, scientists consider its population as the presence of contaminants, microscopic organisms, and other life forms. These components together form a complex and dynamic ecosystem that serves as the primary focus of the study. By accurately identifying the population, researchers set the stage for effective data collection and analysis.

While a census aims to gather information about every single element within a population, achieving this within the confines of a study like the one at the Gowanus Canal poses significant challenges.
Firstly, conducting a census is both time-consuming and costly. Examining every segment and substance within the canal would require immense resources, often not feasible for such studies. Secondly, the physical environment of the canal introduces logistical difficulties. Hazards like contamination or inaccessible areas complicate the task of reaching every unit of interest.
Lastly, a census would likely disturb the ecosystem. When scientists intrude upon every aspect of an environment, they risk altering it, which could skew the data. Therefore, while a census provides comprehensive data, it also presents obstacles that can undermine the study's effectiveness.

Sampling, unlike a census, offers a more practical approach to data collection, especially in challenging environments like the Gowanus Canal. By focusing on a representative sample of the population, scientists can efficiently draw reliable conclusions without examining every element.
This method is cost-effective; it requires fewer resources and less time. Sampling allows researchers to carefully select areas that will provide essential insights into the canal's condition, ensuring the study remains manageable.
Moreover, sampling reduces the likelihood of disturbing the ecosystem. By limiting the areas investigated, scientists minimize their impact, thereby preserving the natural state of the environment as much as possible. These factors make sampling a superior choice for research in such situations, balancing the need for accurate data with practical constraints.