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Chapter 1: Problem 37

Determine the level of measurement of each variable. Assessed value of a house

Short Answer

Expert verified
Ratio level

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Level of Measurement

Levels of measurement describe the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. There are four levels: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
02

Identify the Nature of the Variable

Identify the characteristics of the variable 'Assessed value of a house'. This value is numerical and can be measured with a meaningful zero point.
03

Determine the Level of Measurement

Since 'Assessed value of a house' can be quantified, ordered, and has a true zero point (i.e., a house can have an assessed value of $0), the appropriate level of measurement is 'ratio'.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Nominal Level
In the nominal level of measurement, variables are categorized without any order or ranking. This level is the most basic among the four. Categories are simply named labels that differentiate between items. For example, eye colors like blue, green, and brown are nominal measurements because they describe different categories. You cannot say that brown is 'greater' or 'less' than blue. They are just different.
Ordinal Level
The ordinal level of measurement involves categories that have a meaningful order or ranking. However, the differences between these ordered categories are not quantifiable. An example is the ranking of students in a class (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). Here, you know that 1st is higher than 2nd, but you cannot measure how much higher the 1st rank is compared to the 2nd rank. It tells you 'order' but not 'quantity'.
Interval Level
The interval level of measurement has ordered categories with meaningful, quantifiable differences between them. However, this level lacks an absolute zero point. A classic example is the temperature scale in Celsius or Fahrenheit. You can say that 30 degrees is hotter than 20 degrees and even determine that the difference is 10 degrees. But, 0 degrees does not mean 'no temperature'鈥攊t is just another point on the scale.
Ratio Level
The ratio level of measurement includes ordered categories with meaningful differences and a true zero point. Variables at this level can be compared using their ratios. The 'assessed value of a house' is a perfect example. If one house is valued at \(200,000 and another at \)400,000, you can say that the second house is twice as valuable. Also, an assessed value of $0 indicates the complete absence of value. This level allows for meaningful statements about how much greater one value is compared to another.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Research the polling done by George Gallup in the 1936 presidential election. Write a report on your findings and include information about the sampling technique and sample size. Next, research the polling done by Gallup for the 1948 presidential election. Did Gallup accurately predict the outcome of the election? What lessons were learned by Gallup?

Distinguish between nonsampling error and sampling error.

Determine whether the quantitative variable is discrete or continuous. Internet connection speed in kilobytes per second

Suppose a fundraiser holds a raffle for which each person who enters the room receives a ticket numbered 1 to \(N,\) where \(N\) is the number of people at the fundraiser. The first person to arrive receives ticket number 1 , the second person receives ticket number \(2,\) and so on. Determine the level of measurement for each of the following interpretations of the variable ticket number. (a) The winning ticket number. (b) The winning ticket number was announced as \(329 .\) An attendee noted his ticket number was 294 and stated, "I guess I arrived too early." (c) The winning ticket number was announced as \(329 .\) An attendee looked around the room and commented, "It doesn't look like there are 329 people in attendance."

The following abstract appears in The New England Journal of Medicine: BACKGROUND. The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer is of great public health importance. Some previous studies have suggested that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household can cause lung cancer, but others have found no effect. Smoking by the spouse has been the most commonly used measure of this exposure. METHODS. In order to determine whether lung cancer is associated with exposure to tobacco smoke within the household, we conducted a case-control study of 191 patients with lung cancer who had never smoked and an equal number of persons without lung cancer who had never smoked. Lifetime residential histories including information on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke were compiled and analyzed. Exposure was measured in terms of "smokeryears," determined by multiplying the number of years in each residence by the number of smokers in the household. RESULTS. Household exposure to 25 or more smoker-years during childhood and adolescence doubled the risk of lung cancer. Approximately 15 percent of the control subjects who had never smoked reported this level of exposure. Household exposure of less than 25 smoker-years during childhood and adolescence did not increase the risk of lung cancer. Exposure to a spouse's smoking, which constituted less than one third of total household exposure on average, was not associated with an increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS. The possibility of recall bias and other methodologic problems may influence the results of casecontrol studies of environmental tobacco smoke. Nonetheless, our findings regarding exposure during early life suggest that approximately 17 percent of lung cancers among nonsmokers can be attributed to high levels of exposure to cigarette smoke during childhood and adolescence. (a) What is the research objective? (b) What makes this study a case-control study? Why is this a retrospective study? (c) What is the response variable in the study? Is it qualitative or quantitative? (d) What is the explanatory variable in the study? Is it qualitative or quantitative? (e) Can you identify any lurking variables that may have affected this study? (f) What is the conclusion of the study? Can we conclude that exposure to smoke in the household causes lung cancer? (g) Would it be possible to design an experiment to answer the research question in part (a)? Explain.
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