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Chapter 1: Q11. (page 49)
Give an example of unethical statistical practice.
A company intentionally discarding certain information from its sales data in a specific year can be regarded as an unethical statistical practice.
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Drafting NFL quarterbacks. The National Football League (NFL) is a lucrative business, generating an annual revenue of about $8 million. One key to becoming a financially successful NFL team is drafting a good quarterback (QB) out of college. The NFL draft allows the worst-performing teams in the previous year the opportunity of selecting the best quarterbacks coming out of college. The Journal of Productivity Analysis (Vol. 35, 2011) published a study of how successful NFL teams are in drafting productive quarterbacks. Data were collected for all 331 quarterbacks drafted between 1970 and 2007. Several variables were measured for each QB, including draft position (one of the top 10 players picked, selection between picks 11 and 50, or selected after pick 50), NFL winning ratio (percentage of games won), and QB production score (higher scores indicate more productive QBs). The researchers discovered that draft position is only weakly related to a quarterback鈥檚 performance in the NFL. They concluded that 鈥渜uarterbacks taken higher [in the draft] do not appear to perform any better.鈥�
a. What is the experimental unit for this study?
b. Identify the type (quantitative or qualitative) of each variable measured.
c. Suppose you want to use this study to project the performance of future NFL QBs. Is this an application of descriptive or inferential statistics? Explain.
List and define the five elements of an inferential statistical analysis.
Can money spent on gifts buy love? Is the gift you purchased for that special someone really appreciated? This was the question of interest to business professors at Stanford University. Their research was published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 45, 2009). In one study, the researchers investigated the link between engagement ring price (dollars) and level of appreciation of the recipient (measured on a 7-point scale where 1 = 鈥渘ot at all鈥� and 7 = 鈥渢o a great extent鈥�). Participants for the study were those who used a popular Web site for engaged couples. The Web site鈥檚 directory was searched for those with 鈥渁verage鈥� American names (e.g., 鈥淛ohn Smith,鈥� 鈥淪ara Jones鈥�). These individuals were then invited to participate in an online survey in exchange for a $10 gift certificate. Of the respondents, those who paid really high or really low prices for the ring were excluded, leaving a sample size of 33 respondents.
a. Identify the experimental units for this study.
b. What are the variables of interest? Are they quantitative or qualitative in nature?
c. Describe the population of interest.
d. Do you believe the sample of 33 respondents is representative of the population? Explain.
e. In a second designed study, the researchers investigated whether the link between gift price and level of appreciation is stronger for birthday gift-givers than for birthday gift-receivers. The participants were randomly assigned to play the role of gift-giver or gift-receiver. Assume that the sample consists of 50 individuals. Use a random number generator to randomly assign 25 individuals to play the gift-receiver role and 25 to play the gift-giver role.
Explain how populations and samples differ?
Consumer recycling behavior. Under what conditions will consumers dispose of recyclable paper in the garbage? This was the question of interest in an article published in the Journal of Consumer Research (December, 2013). In one of the studies conducted, the researchers instructed 78 college students to cut an 8.5-脳11-inch sheet of paper into eight smaller pieces. Half the students were randomly assigned to list five uses for the cut paper (usefulness is salient condition). The students in the other half were asked to list their five favorite TV shows (control condition). After completing an unrelated task, all students were asked to dispose of the paper upon leaving. There was a trash bin and a recycling bin outside the door. The researchers kept track of which students recycled and which students disposed of their paper in the garbage. This information was used to test the theory that students in the usefulness is salient condition will recycle at a higher rate than students in the control condition.
a. Explain why the data-collection method used in this study is a designed experiment.
b. Identify the experimental unit in this study.
c. Identify the variables measured in this study. What data type (quantitative or qualitative) is produced from each variable? (Hint: Two variables are measured.)
d. About 68% of the students in the usefulness is recycled, compared to 37% of students in the control condition. Use this information to make an inference about the population of interest.
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