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Cryptography; One method of encryption is to use a matrix to encrypt the message and then use the corresponding inverse matrix to decode the message. The encrypted matrix, E, is obtained by multiplying the message matrix, M, by a key matrix, K. The original message can be retrieved by multiplying the encrypted matrix by the inverse of the key matrix. That is, E=M·Kand M=E·K-1.

(a) Given the key matrix K=211110111, find its inverse, K-1. [Note: This key matrix is known as the Q23Fibonacci encryption matrix.]

(b) Use your result from part (a) to decode the encrypted matrix E=473433443627474120

(c) Each entry in your result for part (b) represents the position of a letter in the English alphabet (A=1,B=2,C=3,and so on). What is the original message?

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The inverse of the key matrix =10-1-1110-11

(b) The message matrix is M=13120891962114

(c) The original message is "Math is fun".

Step by step solution

01

Step 1. Given data

The encrypted matrixE, is obtained by multiplying the message matrixM, by a key matrixK. The original message can be retrieved by multiplying the encrypted matrix by the inverse of the key matrix. That is, E=M.Kand M=E·K-1.

We have the given key matrix K=211110111

02

Step 2. Inverse matrix

(b) First we have to find K∣I3first, we have to form

K∣I3=211100110010111001

Now let us convert the left side of the matrix into its reduced echelon form.

By performing the operation R1=r12,

221212120202110010111001→112121200110010111001

Substracting the first row from the second row,

1121212001−11−120−120−121−00−0111001→112121200012−12−1210111001

subtracting the first row from the third row,

112121200012−12−12101−11−121−120−120−01−0→112121200012−12−121001212−1201

Multiply the second row by 2

1121212002⋅02⋅122−122−122⋅12⋅001212−1201→11212120001−1−12001212−1201

Perform the operation R3=r3-r22we get,

11212120001−1−1200−012−1212+12−12+120−11−0→11212120001−1−1200010−11

Perform the operation R1=r1-r22

1−012−1212+1212+120−10−001−1−1200010−11→1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…0 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…−1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…00 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…−1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…−1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…2 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…00 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…0 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…0 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…−1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…1

Subtract the third row from the first row,

1−00−01−11−0−1−(−1)0−101−1−1200010−11→10010−101−1−1200010−11

Add second and third row, we get

10010−10+01+0−1+1−1+02−10+10010−11→10010−1010−1110010−11

Therefore, the inverse key matrix is1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…0 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…−1−1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…10 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…−1 â¶Ä…â¶Ä…â¶Ä…1

03

Step 3. Messege matrix

(b)To find the message matrix M,we have to find the product of the two matrices K-1and E.

EK−1=47343344362747412010−1−1110−11=47−3434−33−47+34+3344−3636−27−44+36+2747−4141−20−47+41+20=13120891962114

The message matrix M=13120891962114

04

Step 4. Original message

(c) Each number in the matrix represents a letter of the English alphabet. Therefore,

13120891962114
MATHISFUN

Hence, the original message is "Math is fun".

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