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Chapter 1: Q. 76 (page 55)

In advance of the 1936Presidential Election, a magazine titled Literary Digest released the results of an opinion poll predicting that the republican candidate Alf Landon would win by a large margin. The magazine sent post cards to approximately 10,000,000prospective voters. These prospective voters were selected from the subscription list of the magazine, from automobile registration lists, from phone lists, and from club membership lists. Approximately 2,300,000people returned the postcards.

a. Think about the state of the United States in 1936. Explain why a sample chosen from magazine subscription lists, automobile registration lists, phone books, and club membership lists was not representative of the population of the United States at that time.

b. What effect does the low response rate have on the reliability of the sample?

c. Are these problems examples of sampling error or non sampling error?

d. During the same year, George Gallup conducted his own poll of 30,000prospective voters. These researchers used a method they called "quota sampling" to obtain survey answers from specific subsets of the population. Quota sampling is an example of which sampling method described in this module?

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The chosen sample is not representative of the population of the United States.

(b) Due to low responses to the respondents, there are huge chances that the conclusion of the study will go wrong.

(c) Since the respondents of the selected sample refused to respond to the survey, hence it is a sampling error.

(d) Quota sampling is an example of a non-probabilistic version.

Step by step solution

01

Definition 

Quota sampling is a sampling approach that collects data from a homogeneous set of people.

Non-probabilistic sampling method is each subgroup is included and incorporated in the final sample.

02

Explanation (part a)

The lists selected to choose the sample from cover the rich and the affluent people of US, in no manner does it represent the average, middle class or poor citizens of US who are the prospective voters too, hence these lists fail to be the correct representation of the population of US at that time.

03

Explanation (part b)

The low response rate fails to give the true picture of the preference of the public for voting. There may be some who do not want any of the available options, there may be people who would prefer another party, or there may be many other scenarios involved which would be clearly visible only when all the people respond to the survey and provide the true picture of the polls. Hence low response rate leads to less reliable results.

04

Explanation (part c)

The error caused due to the non-response of the subjects in the sample is not caused due to some flaw in the sampling design. Hence it cannot be considered to be a sampling error. Since it is caused by other reasons or other influencing factors, the error of no-response is considered to be a non-sampling error.

05

Explanation (part d)

In this method, each subgroup is included and incorporated in the final sample. The proportions of all subgroups with respect to the population are considered while selecting the final sample, thus even if the subgroup is small or negligible, it gets shown in the final sample. That is the reason why it is considered to be a non-probabilistic sampling technique.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Discuss potential violations of the rule requiring informed consent.

a. Inmates in a correctional facility are offered good behavior credit in return for participation in a study.

b. A research study is designed to investigate a new children鈥檚 allergy medication.

c. Participants in a study are told that the new medication being tested is highly promising, but they are not told that only a small portion of participants will receive the new medication. Others will receive placebo treatments and traditional treatments.

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: A pair of studies was performed to measure the effectiveness of a new software program designed to help stroke patients regain their problem-solving skills. Patients were asked to use the software program twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. The studies observed 200stroke patients recovering over a period of several weeks. The first study collected the data in Table 1.31. The second study collected the data in Table 1.32.

Patients who used the software were also a part of an exercise program whereas patients who did not use the software were not. Does this change the validity of the conclusions from Exercise 1.31?

Is a sample size of 1,000 a reliable measure for a population of 5,000?

Describe the unethical behavior, if any, in each example and describe how it could impact the reliability of the resulting data. Explain how the problem should be corrected. A study is commissioned to determine the favorite brand of fruit juice among teens in California.

  1. The survey is commissioned by the seller of a popular brand of apple juice.
  2. There are only two types of juice included in the study: apple juice and cranberry juice.
  3. Researchers allow participants to see the brand of juice as samples are poured for a taste test.
  4. Twenty-five percent of participants prefer Brand X, 33% prefer Brand Y and 42% have no preference between the two brands. Brand X references the study in a commercial saying "Most teens like Brand X as much as or more than Brand Y."

For the following exercises, identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data. favorite baseball team.
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