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The following are data concerning the injuries in road accidents in the UK classified by severity. $$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline \text { Year } & \text { Fatal } & \text { Serious } & \text { Slight } \\\\\hline 1970 & 758 & 7860 & 13515 \\\\\hline 1975 & 699 & 6912 & 13041 \\\\\hline 1980 & 644 & 7218 & 13926 \\\\\hline 1985 & 550 & 6507 & 13587 \\\\\hline 1990 & 491 & 5237 & 14443 \\\\\hline 1995 & 361 & 4071 & 12102 \\\\\hline 2000 & 297 & 3007 & 11825 \\\\\hline 2005 & 264 & 2250 & 10922 \\\\\hline\end{array}$$ a) Draw bar graphs for the total number of injuries and describe any patterns you observe. b) Draw pie charts for the different types of injuries for the years 1970,1990 and 2005.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Data

Review the table provided, noting that it presents data on road accident injuries in the UK, categorized by severity (Fatal, Serious, Slight) for several years between 1970 and 2005. Sum these values for each year to find the total number of injuries per year, which will be used for the bar graph.

02

Calculate Total Injuries

Add the numbers in each row under the columns 'Fatal,' 'Serious,' and 'Slight' to find the total injuries for each year: - 1970: 758 + 7860 + 13515 = 22133 - 1975: 699 + 6912 + 13041 = 20652 - 1980: 644 + 7218 + 13926 = 21788 - 1985: 550 + 6507 + 13587 = 20644 - 1990: 491 + 5237 + 14443 = 20171 - 1995: 361 + 4071 + 12102 = 16534 - 2000: 297 + 3007 + 11825 = 15129 - 2005: 264 + 2250 + 10922 = 13436

03

Draw Bar Graph

Create a bar graph with years on the x-axis and total number of injuries on the y-axis. Each bar represents a year, showing the calculated total injuries. Observe that total injuries decrease over the years, especially notable reductions from 1990 onwards.

04

Calculate Percentages for Pie Charts

To draw pie charts, calculate the percentage each injury category (Fatal, Serious, Slight) contributes to the total injuries for the years 1970, 1990, and 2005.For 1970:- Fatal: \(\frac{758}{22133} \times 100 \approx 3.42\% \)- Serious: \(\frac{7860}{22133} \times 100 \approx 35.52\% \)- Slight: \(\frac{13515}{22133} \times 100 \approx 61.06\% \)For 1990:- Fatal: \(\frac{491}{20171} \times 100 \approx 2.43\% \)- Serious: \(\frac{5237}{20171} \times 100 \approx 25.95\% \)- Slight: \(\frac{14443}{20171} \times 100 \approx 71.62\% \)For 2005:- Fatal: \(\frac{264}{13436} \times 100 \approx 1.96\% \)- Serious: \(\frac{2250}{13436} \times 100 \approx 16.74\% \)- Slight: \(\frac{10922}{13436} \times 100 \approx 81.30\% \)

05

Draw Pie Charts

Using the percentages calculated in Step 3, create pie charts for the years 1970, 1990, and 2005. Each pie chart should allocate slices proportionally according to the percentage of total injuries each severity category represents. Notice that the proportion of 'Slight' injuries grows over these years, while 'Fatal' and 'Serious' proportions decrease.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Bar Graphs

Bar graphs are an excellent way to visually represent data in categories. They use rectangular bars to display frequency or quantity in different groups. In our exercise, each bar represents the total road accident injuries for specific years, from 1970 to 2005. The number on the y-axis indicates the total number of injuries, while the x-axis lists the years.

• Bar graphs are useful for comparing quantities across different categories or periods.
• The length or height of the bars is proportional to the values they represent.
• Bars can be oriented horizontally or vertically, though vertical is most common for time series data.

When creating a bar graph for our data, you can see a declining trend in total injuries over the years. This decline is especially evident from 1990 onwards, illustrating improvements in road safety or reporting methods over time.
Bar graphs allow us to quickly spot such patterns and trends, making them an invaluable tool in data analysis.

Pie Charts

Pie charts provide a visual overview of proportions within a dataset, offering simplicity in comparison over various categories. A pie chart is a circular graphic divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions. For our task, we use pie charts to represent different types of injuries (Fatal, Serious, Slight) in the years 1970, 1990, and 2005.

• Each slice's size is proportional to the percentage of its category to the total.
• Pie charts are particularly useful for displaying percentage data.

In our exercise, for each selected year:

• Calculate each category's percentage share of the total injuries.
• Represent these percentages as slices of the pie chart.

Over the years, the slices representing 'Slight' injuries become larger, whereas 'Fatal' and 'Serious' injuries' portions shrink. This suggests an improvement in the severity outcomes of road accidents over time. Pie charts, therefore, help to grasp the shifts in injury patterns at a glance.

Road Accident Statistics

Road accident statistics are vital for understanding trends and initiating safety measures. The data about injuries in road accidents can be divided by severity: Fatal, Serious, and Slight. Analyzing these statistics helps us assess the effectiveness of road safety regulations and identify areas needing improvement.

Analyzing statistics over the years, as in our provided data, reveals trends such as:

• Year-on-year reductions in total injury numbers hinting at improved vehicular safety.
• Changes in the proportion of injury severity, which could indicate advancements in medical response or road safety technologies.

For policymakers, such data is instrumental in devising strategies to further reduce fatalities and serious injuries. Through effective interpretation of these statistics, we can work towards developing more effective road safety protocols and raising public awareness about road safety issues.