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Chapter 1: Problem 13

Determine whether the study depicts an observational study or an experiment. A survey is conducted asking 400 people, "Do you prefer Coke or Pepsi?"

Short Answer

Expert verified
The study is an observational study.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Definition of an Observational Study

An observational study involves collecting data without influencing or altering the participants' responses. Observers simply record what they see.
02

Understand the Definition of an Experiment

An experiment involves deliberately manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable. Typically, this includes a control group and a treatment group.
03

Identify the Key Components of the Provided Study

In the given study, a survey is conducted asking 400 people if they prefer Coke or Pepsi. No manipulation or control groups are involved in this process.
04

Determine the Type of Study

Since there is no manipulation of variables in the provided study, and data are merely being collected based on responses, this study is an observational study.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Data Collection
Data collection is a fundamental part of any study. It involves gathering information relevant to your research question or hypothesis. In the exercise above, data collection occurs through a survey asking 400 people whether they prefer Coke or Pepsi.
Data can be collected in various ways, such as:
  • Surveys or questionnaires
  • Interviews
  • Observations
  • Pre-existing records or documents

No matter the method, it is crucial that the data collected is accurate and reliable, as this forms the basis for any analysis or conclusions drawn from the study. In observational studies, data collection must be non-intrusive to avoid influencing participants' natural responses.
Experiment Definition
Understanding what constitutes an experiment is essential to differentiating it from other types of studies. In an experiment, researchers deliberately manipulate one or more independent variables to see the effect on a dependent variable.
Key components of an experiment include:
  • Independent Variable: The variable that is changed or controlled
  • Dependent Variable: The variable being tested and measured
  • Control Group: The group that does not receive the treatment, used as a baseline to compare against
  • Treatment Group: The group that receives the treatment or manipulation

An experiment is designed to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. For example, if the study had given one group Pepsi and another group Coke and then measured their reaction, it would be an experiment. In the given study, however, no such manipulation occurred, which is why it is an observational study.
Survey Analysis
Survey analysis is the process of interpreting the data collected from surveys. After gathering responses, the data must be analyzed to infer conclusions.
Steps to conduct effective survey analysis include:
  • Collate Responses: Gather all survey data and organize it systematically
  • Clean Data: Remove any incomplete or inconsistent data points
  • Analyze Trends: Look for patterns, such as a preference for Coke or Pepsi
  • Draw Conclusions: Based on the analysis, draw conclusions that address the research question

For example, if 250 out of 400 people surveyed prefer Coke, you could conclude that Coke is more popular among the survey group. Survey analysis helps simplify complex data into meaningful information that can guide decisions or further research.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Depression Researchers wanted to compare the effectiveness and safety of an extract of St. John's wort with placebo in outpatients with major depression. To do this, they recruited 200 adult outpatients diagnosed as having major depression and having a baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score of at least \(20 .\) Participants were randomly assigned to receive either St. John's wort extract (900 mg/d for 4 weeks, increased to \(1200 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{d}\) in the absence of an adequate response thereafter) or a placebo for 8 weeks. The response variable was the change on the HAM-D over the treatment period. After analysis of the data, it was concluded that St. John's wort was not effective for treatment of major depression. (Source: "Effectiveness of St. John's Wort in Major Depression," Richard C. Shelton, MD; et. al.; Journal of the American Medical Association \(285(2001): 1978-1986)\) (a) What type of experimental design is this? (b) What is the population that is being studied? (c) What is the response variable in this study? (d) What is the factor? What are the treatments? (e) Identify the experimental units. (f) Draw a diagram similar to Figure 6 or 7 to illustrate the design.

Identify the type of sampling used. To determine his DSL Internet connection speed, Shawn divides up the day into four parts: morning, midday, evening, and late night. He then measures his Internet connection speed at 5 randomly selected times during each part of the day.

Researchers wanted to test whether a new drug therapy results in a more rapid response in patients with major depression. To do this, they recruited 63 inpatients with a diagnosis of major depression. Patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups receiving either placebo (31 patients) or the new drug therapy (32 patients). The response variable was the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score. After collecting and analyzing the data, it was concluded that the new drug therapy is effective in the treatment of major depression. (Source: "Metyrapone as Additive Treatment in Major Depression," Holger Jahn, MD; et al.; Archives of General Psychiatry, \(61(2004): 1235-1244\) ) (a) What type of experimental design is this? (b) What is the population that is being studied? (c) What is the response variable in this study? (d) What is the factor? What are the treatments? (e) Identify the experimental units. (f) Draw a diagram similar to Figure 6 or 7 to illustrate the design.

Determine whether the study depicts an observational study or an experiment. Got Kidney Stones? Researchers Eric N. Taylor and others wanted to determine if weight, weight gain, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference are associated with kidney stone formation. To make this determination, they looked at 4,827 cases of kidney stones covering 46 years Based on an analysis of the data, they concluded that obesity and weight gain increase the risk of kidney stone formation. (Source: "Obesity, Weight Gain, and the Risk of Kidney Stones," Eric N. Taylor, MD; Meir J. Stampfer, MD, DrPH; and Gary C. Curhan, MD, ScD; Journal of the American Medical Association \(293(2005): 455-462)\)

The survey design is flawed. (a) Determine whether the flaw is due to the sampling method or the survey itself For flawed surveys, identify the cause of the error (wording of question, nonresponse, and so forth). (b) Suggest a remedy to the problem. Suppose you are conducting a survey regarding students' study habits. From a list of full-time registered students, you obtain a simple random sample of 90 students. One survey question is "How many hours do you study?"
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