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Question: Consider the initial value problem dydx+1+sin2xy=x,y(0)=2.

(a)Using definite integration, show that the integrating factor for the differential equation can be written as (x)=(0x1+sin2tdt) and that the solution to the initial value problem is y(x)=1(x)0x(s)sds+2(x)

(b)Obtain an approximation to the solution at x= 1 by using numerical integration (such as Simpson鈥檚 rule, Appendix C) in a nested loop to estimate values of(x)and, thereby, the value of01(s)ds.

[Hint:First, use Simpson鈥檚 rule to approximate(x)at x= 0.1, 0.2, . . . , 1. Then use these values and apply Simpson鈥檚 rule again to approximate01(s)ds]

(c)Use Euler鈥檚 method (Section 1.4) to approximate the solution at x= 1, with step sizes h= 0.1 and 0.05. [A direct comparison of the merits of the two numerical schemes in parts (b) and (c) is very complicated, since it should take into account the number of functional evaluations in each algorithm as well as the inherent accuracies.]

Short Answer

Expert verified
  1. 0.9960
  2. 0.9486
  3. 0.9729

Step by step solution

01

Step 1(a): Find the value of y(x)

Since Pt=1+sin2t is a continuous real valued function on an open interval which contains points 0 we can use fundamental theorem of calculus to obtain

ddx0xPtdt=Px=0xPtdt=Pxdx

We can write integrating factor as (x)=exp0x1+sin2tdt)

Multiplying by x

ddxxyx=虫渭x=诲渭xyx=虫渭xyx

Now,

xyx0s=0sxx=sys-0y0=0sxxsys=0sxxdx+2ys=1s0sxxdx+2s

02

Find the values of μ(x)

Here ys=1s0sxxdx+2s

Put x=1 then y1=110sxsdx+21

We find the value of01ssdx.

Using Simpson鈥檚 rule

abfxdx=x3k=1nfx2k-2+4fx2k-2+fx2kx=b-a2n,xk=a+kx,k=0.1,0.2,...,1

So, (x)=exp0x1+sin2tdt)at x=0.1,0.2, 鈥︹1

The values are

x = 0, =1

x = 0.1, =1.105354

x = 0.2, =1.223010

x = 0 .3, =1.355761

x = 0 .4, =1.506975

x = 0.5, =1.680635

x = 0 .6, =1.881401

x = 0 .7, =2.114679

x = 0 .8, =2.386713

x = 0 .9, =2.70670

x = 1, =3.076723

Now, using the previous conclusions

x=12n=0.1=n=5

So,

role="math" localid="1663932388162" 01ssds=0.13[00+40.10.1+20.20.2+40.30.3+20.40.4+40.50.5+20.60.6+40.70.7+20.80.8+40.90.9+11]=1.064539role="math" localid="1663932537871" y1=110sxsdx+21=0.9960

Therefore, y(1)=0.9960

03

 Step 3(b): Find the value of  y(1) at h=0.1

The differential equation is y'=x-1+sin2xy

Use the recursive formula

localid="1663933001609" xn+1=xn+hyn+1=yn+hfxnyn=yn+hfxn-1+sin2xnyn

Where,

x0=0and y0=0, h=0.1, N=10 steps at x=1

The values are

x1=0.1,y1=1.8x2=0.2,y2=1.6921x3=0.3,y3=1.4830x4=0.4,y4=1.3584x5=0.5,y5=1.2526x6=0.6,y6=1.1637x7=0.7,y7=1.09x8=0.8,y8=1.0304x9=0.9,y9=0.9836x10=1,y10=0.9586

Therefore,y=0.9586

04

 Step 4 (c): Determine the value of y(1) at h=0.05

x0=0andy0=0, h=0.1, N=20 steps at x=1

x1=0.05,y1=1.9x2=0.1,y2=1.8074x3=0.15,y3=1.4830x4=0.2,y4=1.642x5=0.25,y5=1.5683x6=0.3,y6=1.5x7=0.35,y7=1.4368x8=0.4,y8=1.3784x9=0.45,y9=1.3244x10=0.5,y10=1.2747x11=0.55,y11=1.229x12=0.6,y12=1.187x13=0.65,y13=1.149x14=0.7,y14=1.1144x15=0.75,y15=1.0831x16=0.8,y16=1.0551x17=0.85,y17=1.0301x18=0.9,y18=1.0082x19=0.95,y19=0.9892x20=1,y20=0.9729

Therefore, y(1)=0.9729y(1)=0.9729

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