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Chapter 3: Problem 42

Suppose that a disease is inherited via a sex-linked mode of inheritance. The implications of this mode of inheritance are that each male offspring has a \(50 \%\) chance of inheriting the disease, whereas the female offspring have no chance of getting the disease.What is the probability that neither sibling is affected?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The probability that neither sibling is affected is 0.5.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Problem

The disease is inherited through a sex-linked mode. This implies male offspring have a 50% probability of inheriting the disease, while female offspring have a 0% chance of having it, meaning they can't be affected. We need to calculate the probability that neither a male nor a female sibling is affected.
02

Calculating Probability for Male Offspring

Since male offspring have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease, the probability that a male offspring does not inherit the disease is also 50% or 0.5.
03

Calculating Probability for Female Offspring

The probability that a female offspring is not affected by the disease is 100% or 1, given they have no chance of being affected.
04

Calculating Combined Probability

The probability that both male and female siblings are unaffected by the disease is calculated by multiplying their individual probabilities, which is: \[ 0.5 \times 1 = 0.5 \]

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Sex-linked inheritance
Sex-linked inheritance refers to the genetic transmission of traits connected to genes located on the sex chromosomes, primarily the X and Y chromosomes. These chromosomes determine the sex of an individual; typically, females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
  • Traits or diseases linked to the sex chromosomes can be carried on either the X or Y chromosome; however, X-linked inheritance is more common. This is because the X chromosome has more genes than the Y chromosome.
  • In X-linked recessive diseases, males are more frequently affected since they possess only one X chromosome. Thus, a single recessive allele on the X chromosome will cause the disease, whereas females would need two copies, one on each X chromosome, to express the condition.
Understanding the mechanics of sex-linked inheritance can reveal why certain traits or diseases appear more frequently in one sex than the other. For example, color blindness and hemophilia are more common in males due to their X-linked recessive inheritance pattern.
Probability calculation
Probability is a measure of the likelihood that a particular event will occur. In genetics, calculating probability helps predict the chances of an individual inheriting a specific trait or disease. Probability calculations are essential for understanding potential genetic outcomes in offspring.
  • When assessing inherited traits, understand the outline of possible outcomes and their likelihood. For instance, if a male offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting a sex-linked disease, it also means there is a 50% chance that he won't inherit the disease.
  • For independent events, like the chance of inheriting a trait by a male and a female sibling, you multiply the probability of each event occurring. This is why to find the probability of neither sibling being affected by the disease, you multiply the probability of the male not inheriting it (0.5) by the probability of the female not inheriting it (1), yielding a combined probability of 0.5.
Utilizing probability calculations helps predict genetic patterns and assess risks associated with hereditary diseases.
Disease genetics
Disease genetics is the study of how genetic variations contribute to health conditions and diseases. Some diseases are directly caused by genetic mutations, while others may be influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
  • Genetic diseases can be categorized based on how they are inherited: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked.
  • In sex-linked genetic diseases, as in the case of X-linked disorders, males are more prone to exhibit the disease if the associated gene is defective. This is due to their single X chromosome, lacking a second X to counteract any mutations.
Understanding disease genetics provides crucial insights into how disorders develop and progress, which is vital for diagnosis, treatment, and potentially finding cures.
Inheritance models
Inheritance models explain how traits and genetic disorders are transmitted from parents to offspring. Understanding these patterns is crucial for predicting genetic risks and managing hereditary conditions.
  • Basic inheritance models include Mendelian inheritance, which is categorized into autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked patterns.
  • X-linked inheritance is a model where usually males are more frequently affected because they inherit only one X chromosome. Females, having two X chromosomes, are often carriers if they have one affected X, giving them a lower chance of showing symptoms.
This model's predictability helps genetic counselors provide individuals and families with information about potential health risks and the likelihood of passing on genetic conditions to future generations.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A validation study is to be performed in a local hospital to check the accuracy of assessment of hospital-acquired infection (INF) following coronary bypass surgery (coronaryartery bypass graft, or CABG). In a given year the hospital performs 1100 CABG procedures. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) algorithm is currently used to categorize subjects as having INF. To validate this algorithm, all CDC' subjects ( \(N=100\) ) and a random sample of CDC subjects \((N=1000)\) will be ascertained by an infectious-disease (ID) fellow and a detailed investigation will be performed, including a chart review and documentation of antibiotic use. Assume the ID-fellow's determination is correct.Suppose \(100 \mathrm{CDC}^{+}\) subjects are ascertained, of whom the ID fellow confirms \(80 .\) Because there are a large number of CDC subjects (1000), only a sample of 100 is studied, of whom the ID fellow confirms 90.What is the sensitivity of the CDC algorithm?

Mayo Clinic investigators have tracked coronary-heartdisease (CHD) mortality in Olmstead County, Minnesota, for the past 20 years [17] . Mayo Clinic physicians provided virtually all medical care to Olmstead County residents. Deaths from CHD were subdivided into those that occurred in hospital and those that occurred out of hospital. Inhospital death rates are thought to be influenced mainly by advances in medical care. Out-of-hospital death rates are thought to be influenced mainly by changes in risk-factor levels over time. For men, out-of-hospital CHD death rates were 280 cases per 100,000 men per year and in-hospital CHD death rates were 120 cases per 100,000 men per year in \(1998 .\) For women, out-of-hospital CHD death rates were 100 cases per 100,000 women per year; in-hospital CHD death rates were 40 cases per 100,000 women per vear in 1998. If 50\% of the Olmstead County population is male and \(50 \%\) is female, what was the overall CHD mortality rate in Olmstead County in \(1998 ?\) The investigators reported that for both men and women, inhospital CHD death rates were declining at a rate of \(5.3 \%\) per year, whereas out-of- hospital CHD death rates were declining by \(1.8 \%\) per year.

A drug company is developing a new pregnancy-test kit for use on an outpatient basis. The company uses the pregnancy test on 100 women who are known to be pregnant, for whom 95 test results are positive. The company uses the pregnancy test on 100 other women who are known to not be pregnant, of whom 99 test negative.What is the sensitivity of the test?

Consider a family with a mother, father, and two children. Let \(A_{1}=\left\\{\text { mother has influenzal, } A_{2}=\\{ \text { father has influenzal, }\right.\) \(A_{3}=\left\\{\text { first child has influenzal, } A_{4}=\\{ \text { second child has influ- }\right.\) enzal, \(B=\) lat least one child has influenzal, \(C=\) lat least one parent has influenzal, and \(D=\\{\) at least one person in the family has influenzal.Express \(D\) in terms of \(B\) and \(C .\)

Suppose that a disease is inherited via an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The implications of this mode of inheritance are that the children in a family each have a probability of 1 in 4 of inheriting the disease.What is the probability that in a family with two children, both siblings are affected?
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