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Magazine sales: The following table shows the income from sales of a certain magazine, measured in thousands of dollars, at the start of the given year. $$ \begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline \text { Year } & \text { Income } \\ \hline 2001 & 7.76 \\ \hline 2002 & 8.82 \\ \hline 2003 & 9.88 \\ \hline 2004 & 10.94 \\ \hline 2005 & 12.00 \\ \hline 2006 & 13.08 \\ \hline 2007 & 14.26 \\ \hline 2008 & 15.54 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ Over an initial period the sales grew at a constant rate, and over the rest of the time the sales grew at a constant percentage rate. Calculate differences and ratios to determine what these time periods are, and find the growth rate or percentage growth rate, as appropriate.

Short Answer

Expert verified
From 2001 to 2004, sales grew by a constant $1.06$ thousand dollars per year. From 2005 onward, sales grew by a roughly 9% annual percentage.

Step by step solution

01

Calculate Yearly Differences

To determine if the sales initially grew at a constant rate, calculate the difference between each consecutive year's income. This is done by subtracting the previous year's income from the current year's income. \( \text{Difference for 2002} = 8.82 - 7.76 = 1.06 \), \( \text{Difference for 2003} = 9.88 - 8.82 = 1.06 \), \( \text{Difference for 2004} = 10.94 - 9.88 = 1.06 \). Since the differences are constant from 2001 to 2004, the growth is at a constant rate during this period.
02

Calculate Yearly Ratios for 2005 Onwards

After 2004, calculate the ratio of income from one year to the previous year to determine if the sales grew at a constant percentage rate. The ratio is \( \text{Income for current year} / \text{Income for previous year} \). Calculate these ratios for 2005 to 2008: \( \text{Ratio for 2005} = 12.00 / 10.94 \approx 1.097 \), \( \text{Ratio for 2006} = 13.08 / 12.00 \approx 1.090 \), \( \text{Ratio for 2007} = 14.26 / 13.08 \approx 1.090 \), \( \text{Ratio for 2008} = 15.54 / 14.26 \approx 1.090 \). From 2005 onward, the growth is near a constant percentage rate, approximately 9% per year.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Constant Rate Growth
When we talk about constant rate growth, we're referring to a situation where sales increase by the same absolute amount every year. Think of it as climbing a hill at a steady pace—you move up consistently without changing your speed. During the period from 2001 to 2004, the income from magazine sales increased consistently by an amount of \(1.06\) thousand dollars each year. This indicates a constant rate of growth.
  • The formula for calculating yearly difference is: \( \( \text{Income}_{\text{current year}} - \text{Income}_{\text{previous year}} \) \)
  • The consistent difference signified that the increases were the same each year, thus confirming constant rate growth.
By using this method, it's clear that the sales approach was stable and predictable during these years. Understanding this concept is helpful because it sets a baseline for evaluating performance over time, making it clear whether initiatives are yielding steady results.
Constant Percentage Growth
Constant percentage growth is slightly different from constant rate growth. It's where the percentage increase each year remains roughly the same, even though the absolute amount might vary. It's akin to climbing a hill where your pace adjusts to ensure you're always moving at a fixed rate of percentage increase.
From 2005 to 2008, magazine sales demonstrated this type of growth. During these years, the yearly ratios remained approximately constant at around \(1.090\), signaling an annual growth rate near \(9\%\).
  • The formula for calculating yearly ratios is: \( \( \text{Income}_{\text{current year}} / \text{Income}_{\text{previous year}} \) \)
  • This kind of growth shows that every year, the income is roughly \(9\%\) higher than the previous year.
This growth pattern can be beneficial for assessing the scalability of a business, as it indicates the company's ability to expand its revenue base at a consistent percentage rate without being affected by absolute scale.
Yearly Differences
Yearly differences provide a clear snapshot of how much growth occurred in absolute terms over consecutive years. This method involves a straightforward calculation: subtracting the previous year's income from the current year. For magazine sales, it was essential to identify that the years 2001 to 2004 experienced consistent growth of $1.06$ thousand dollars annually.
  • Identifying constant yearly differences helps in recognizing stable growth phases.
  • It sets up the opportunity to segment periods of growth into different types, allowing for strategic planning and targeted business decisions.
By calculating these differences, businesses can trace back to understand what strategies or market conditions contributed to such stability, and potentially replicate them in future scenarios.
Yearly Ratios
Yearly ratios, unlike differences, focus on the relative growth from year to year. This approach is vital when evaluating sales growth in terms of percentage. It helps to answer questions like, "By what factor did our sales grow compared to last year?" After 2004, as income grew roughly by \(9\%\), yearly ratios helped spotlight this consistent growth trend.
  • Yearly calculation involves dividing the income of the current year by the income of the previous year.
  • Recognizing a stable ratio indicates constant percentage growth—a sign of a potentially scalable and expanding market presence.
Understanding yearly ratios is beneficial for forecasting, allowing businesses to model growth projections and evaluate potential future performance based on past trends. This approach can serve as a guide to ensure long-term strategic goals align with observed growth trajectories.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Rice production in Asia: In Exercise 16 of Section 3.4, it was estimated that annual rice yield in Asia was increasing by about \(0.04\) ton per hectare each year. The International Rice Research Institute \(^{1}\) predicts an increase in demand for Asian rice of about \(2.1 \%\) per year. Discuss the future of rice production in Asia if these estimates remain valid.

A bad data point: A scientist sampled data for a natural phenomenon that she has good reason to believe is appropriately modeled by an exponential function \(N=N(t)\). A laboratory assistant reported that there may have been an error in recording one of the data points but is not certain which one. Which is the suspect data point? Explain your reasoning. $$ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|} \hline t & N & t & N \\ \hline 0 & 21.3 & 4 & 204.4 \\ \hline 1 & 37.5 & 5 & 359.7 \\ \hline 2 & 66.0 & 6 & 633.1 \\ \hline 3 & 95.3 & & \\ \hline \end{array} $$

Rocket flight: The velocity \(v\) attained by a launch vehicle during launch is a function of \(c\), the exhaust velocity of the engine, and \(R\), the mass ratio of the spacecraft. 36 The mass ratio is the vehicle's takeoff weight divided by the weight remaining after all the fuel has been burned, so the ratio is always greater than 1. It is close to 1 when there is room for only a little fuel relative to the size of the vehicle, and one goal in improving the design of spacecraft is to increase the mass ratio. The formula for \(v\) uses the natural logarithm: $$ v=c \ln R \text {. } $$ Here we measure the velocities in kilometers per second, and we assume that \(c=4.6\) (which can be attained with a propellant that is a mixture of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen). a. Draw a graph of \(v\) versus \(R\). Include mass ratios from 1 to \(20 .\) b. Is the graph in part a increasing or decreasing? In light of your answer, explain why increasing the mass ratio is desirable. c. To achieve a stable orbit, spacecraft must attain a velocity of \(7.8\) kilometers per second. With \(c=4.6\), what is the smallest mass ratio that allows this to happen? (Note: For such a propellant, the mass ratio needed for orbit is usually too high, and that is why the launch vehicle is divided into stages. The next exercise shows the advantage of this.)

$$ \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|} \hline \text { Year } & \text { Wolves } & \text { Year } & \text { Wolves } \\\ \hline 1985 & 15 & 1993 & 40 \\ \hline 1986 & 16 & 1994 & 57 \\ \hline 1987 & 18 & 1995 & 83 \\ \hline 1988 & 28 & 1996 & 99 \\ \hline 1989 & 31 & 1997 & 145 \\ \hline 1990 & 34 & 1998 & 178 \\ \hline 1991 & 40 & 1999 & 197 \\ \hline 1992 & 45 & 2000 & 266 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ Gray wolves in Wisconsin: Gray wolves were among the first mammals protected under the Endangered Species Act in the \(1970 \mathrm{~s}\). Wolves recolonized in Wisconsin beginning in 1980 . Their population has grown reliably since 1985 as follows: \({ }^{21}\) a. Explain why an exponential model may be appropriate. b. Are these data exactly exponential? Explain. c. Find an exponential model for these data. d. Plot the data and the exponential model. e. Comment on your graph in part d. Which data points are below or above the number predicted by the exponential model?

A bad data point: A scientist sampled data for a natural phenomenon that she has good reason to believe is appropriately modeled by an exponential function N = N (t).Alaboratory assistant reported that there may have been an error in recording one of the data points but is not certain which one. Use the logarithm to find the suspect data point $$ \begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline t & N \\ \hline 0 & 21.3 \\ \hline 1 & 37.5 \\ \hline 2 & 66.0 \\ \hline 3 & 95.3 \\ \hline 4 & 204.4 \\ \hline 5 & 359.7 \\ \hline 6 & 633.1 \\ \hline \end{array} $$

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