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Chapter 1: Q 1.3. (page 7)
Identify some methods used in descriptive statistics.
Construction of charts, graphs, and tables, calculation of averages, the measure of variation and percentile, etc are some of the methods used in descriptive statistics.
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In a designed experiment, there are two factors, say, Factor Aand Factor B. Factor Ahas four levels, say, ; Factor B has two levels, say,.
(a) Construct a schematic for the treatments similar to Table 1.8 on page 27.
(b) Use part ( a ) to determine the number of treatments.
(c) Could you have determined the answer for part ( b ) without constructing the schematic in part ( a )? Explain your answer.
Hepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer.The article "Study Links Hepatitis B and Cancer of Pancreas" by D. Grady, appeared in the September 29, 2008 issue of the New York Times. It reported that, for the first time, a study showed that people with pancreatic cancer are more likely than those without the disease to have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. The study by M. Hassan et al . , titled "Association Between Hepatitis B Virus and Pancreatic Cancer" (Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp. 4557-4562) compared 476 people who had pancreatic cancer with 879 healthy control subjects. All were tested to see whether they had ever been infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The results were that no connection was found to hepatitis C, but the cancer patients were twice as likely as the healthy subjects to have had hepatitis B. The researchers noted, however, that "...while the study showed an association, it did not prove cause and effect. More work is needed to determine whether the virus really can cause pancreatic cancer." Explain the validity of the statement in quotes.
Working Lottery Winners. In a national poll taken on August 7-11, 2013, by Gallup, Inc., 1039 adults who were employed full or part time were asked the following question: " If you won 10 million dollars in the lottery, would you continue to work, or would you stop working? "Sixty-eight percent of the respondents said that they would continue to work.
(a) Is this study descriptive or inferential? Explain your answer.
(b) The title of the article discussing the survey was " In U.S., Most Would Still Work Even if They Won Millions. " Is the statement in quotes here descriptive or inferential? Explain your answer.
In Exercises 1.17-1.22, state whether the investigation in question is an observational study or a designed experiment. Justify your answer in each case.
Heart Failure. In the paper "Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy with or without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure" (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 350, pp. 2140-2150), M. Bristow et al. reported the results of a study of methods for treating patients who had advanced heart failure due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathies. A total of 1520 patients were randomly assigned in a 1:2:2 ratio to receive optimal pharmacologic therapy alone or in combination with either a pacemaker or a pacemaker-defibrillator combination. The patients were then observed until they died or were hospitalized for any cause.
The members of a population are numbered 1-90.
(a). Use Table I in Appendix A to obtain SRS of size 5 from the population. Start at the two-digit number in line number 15 and column numbers 25-26, read down the column, up the next, and so on.
(b). If you have access to a random-number generator, use it to solve part (a).
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