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Chapter 1: Q8 (page 10)

Question: Determine whether the given source has the potential to create a bias in a statistical study.

Chocolate: An article in the Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 130, No. 8) noted that chocolate is rich in flavonoids. The article notes 鈥渞egular consumption of foods rich in flavonoids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.鈥� The study received funding from Mars, Inc., the candy company, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Yes, the source mentioned in the study has the potential to create biasedness.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

As mentioned in the article, if flavonoid-rich food is consumed regularly, the probability of being affected by coronary heart disease might be reduced.

It is known that chocolates are rich in flavonoids, also that the study is funded by a candy company and an association of chocolate manufacturers.

02

Explain the bias at the source

Yes, there is a chance of bias in the study.

A chocolate business provided the funding for the investigation of a component in chocolates. Consequently, there is a strong probability that the study will be prejudiced.

Due to the source of finances, the outcomes are likely to be skewed in favor of the investor鈥檚 items, namely chocolates and candies.

Thus, there is a potential for creating a bias in the study

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What鈥檚 Wrong with This Picture? The Newport Chronicle ran a survey by asking readers to call in their response to this question: 鈥淒o you support the development of atomic weapons that could kill millions of innocent people?鈥� It was reported that 20 readers responded and that 87% said 鈥渘o,鈥� while 13% said 鈥測es.鈥� Identify four major flaws in this survey.

Doughnuts and Fat. A classic study, conducted in 1935 by B. Lowe at the Iowa Agriculture Experiment Station, analyzed differences in the amount of fat absorbed by doughnuts in cooking with four different fats. For the experiment, 24 batches of doughnuts were randomly divided into four groups of 6 batches each. The four groups were then randomly assigned to the four fats. What type of statistical design was used for this study? Explain your answer.

In Exercises 21鈥�24, refer to the data in the table below. The entries are white blood cell counts (1000 cells,ML) and red blood cell counts (million cells,ML) from male subjects examined as part of a large health study conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The data are matched, so that the first subject has a white blood cell count of 8.7 and a red blood cell count of 4.91, and so on.

Subject


12345
White8.75.97.36.25.9
Red4.915.594.444.85.17

Conclusion: If we analyze the sample data and conclude that there is a correlation between white blood cell counts and red blood cell counts, does it follow that higher white blood cell counts are the cause of higher red blood cell counts?

In Exercises 29鈥�36, answer the given questions, which are related to percentages.

Percentages in Negotiations When the author was negotiating a contract for the faculty and administration at a college, a dean presented the argument that if faculty receive a 4% raise and administrators receive a 4% raise, that鈥檚 an 8% raise and it would never be approved. What鈥檚 wrong with that argument?

In Exercises 17鈥�20, refer to the sample of body temperatures (degrees Fahrenheit) in the table below. (The body temperatures are from a data set in Appendix B.).

Subject


12345
8 AM9798.597.697.798.7
12 AM97.697.89898.498.4

Conclusion If we analyze the listed body temperatures with suitable methods of statistics, we conclude that when the differences are found between the 8 AM body temperatures and the 12 AM body temperatures, there is a 64% chance that the differences can be explained by random results obtained from populations that have the same 8 AM and 12 AM body temperatures. What should we conclude about the statistical significance of those differences?
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