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a.

In testing of hypothesis, there are two types of decisions toward the null hypothesis;rejector fail to reject the null hypothesisafter inspecting sample from the whole population.

In this process, there is a risk of makingthe wrong decision and these wrong decisions are of two types, Type I error and Type II error.

The error that occurs due to the rejection ofa null hypothesis when it is true is called a Type I error.

Similarly, the error that occurs due to the failure to reject a null hypothesis when it is actually false is known as a Type II error.

b.

Refer to Exercise 6 for the claim that the BMI for recent winners is significantly smaller than those from the 1920s and 1930s, which is 2016.

Thus, the hypotheses are as follows:

\(\begin{array}{l}{H_o}:\mu = 20.16\\{H_1}:\mu < 20.16\end{array}\)

In this case, Type I error would be committed if the null hypothesis is rejected by mistake. This implies, the population mean BMI was actually 20.16, but it is concluded that the BMI is lesser than 201.6.

Similarly, suppose the mean BMI is less than 20.16, and the decision-maker decides that the mean BMI is equal to 20.16, then it will be a Type II error.