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Confidence Intervals. In Exercises 9鈥24, construct the confidence interval estimate of the mean.

Student Evaluations Listed below are student evaluation ratings of courses, where a rating of 5 is for 鈥渆xcellent.鈥 The ratings were obtained at the University of Texas at Austin. (See Data Set 17 鈥淐ourse Evaluations鈥 in Appendix B.) Use a 90% confidence level. What does the confidence interval tell us about the population of college students in Texas?

3.8 3.0 4.0 4.8 3.0 4.2 3.5 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.3 3.8 3.3 4.0 3.8

Short Answer

Expert verified

The mean attractiveness from the actual population will lie 90% of the time between 3.67and 4.17.

The observations were recorded from college students at the university. The sample might not be appropriate for the population of college students in Texas. Thus, the confidence interval does not tell anything about the population of students.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

The sample of 15 ratings is observed such that each rating varies from 1 to 10.

02

Check the requirements

The necessary conditions for using any sample data to construct confidence intervals are as follows.

The sample is collected from the population of college students in Texas that satisfies the condition of a simple random sampling. As the sample size is 15, which is less than 30, the condition for normality will only be satisfied if the data follows a normal distribution. This can be verified from the normal probability plot that the sample data points to, as shown below.

03

Compute the degree of freedom and the critical value

The degree of freedom is computed as follows.

df=n-1df=15-1df=14

For the 90% confidence level, the significance level is 0.10.

=1-0.90=0.10

Use the t-distribution table to obtain the critical value when =0.10anddf=14 .

The critical value is obtained as 1.761 from the t-table corresponding to row 14 and column 0.10 (two-tailed).

04

Compute the margin of error 

Let xbe the random variable that denotes the rating of females.

The sample mean can be obtained using the formula x=115i=115xi, where represents the data points in a sample.

Compute the sample mean as follows. So,

x=3.8+3+4+...+3.815=58.815=3.92

.

Calculate the sample variance using the formula s2=115-1i=115xi-x2.

X

x-x2

3.8

0.014

3.0

0.846

4.0

0.006

4.8

0.774

3.0

0.846

4.2

0.078

3.5

0.176

4.7

0.608

4.4

0.230

4.2

0.078

4.3

0.144

3.8

0.014

3.3

0.384

4.0

0.006

3.8

0.014

i=115xi-x2=4.218

Substitute i=115xi-x2=4.218in the formula s2=115-1i=115xi-x2. So,

.s2=1144.218=4.21814=0.301

The square root of the sample variance is equal to the sample standard deviation. Thus, the sample standard deviation is given as follows.

s=0.301=0.5493

The margin of error is given by the formula E=t2sn.Substitute the respective value obtained from above in the equation and simplify to compute the margin of error. So,

E=1.7610.549315=0.2498

05

Construct the confidence interval 

The confidence interval is given as follows.

x-E<<x-E3.92-0.2498<<3.92+0.24983.67<<4.17

06

Analyze the confidence interval   

Therefore, the mean attractiveness from the actual population will lie 90% of the time between and 4.17.

The sample is observed from one university of Texas, which is not appropriate for the population of all students in Texas. Thus, the confidence interval does not tell anything about the population of the students.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Years in college Listed below are the numbers of years it took for a random sample of college students to earn bachelor鈥檚 degrees (based on the data from the National Center for Education Statistics). Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean time for all college students to earn bachelor鈥檚 degrees. Does it appear that college students typically earn bachelor鈥檚 degrees in four years? Is there anything about the data that would suggest that the confidence interval might not be good result?

4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

6 6 8 9 9 13 13 15

Sample Size. In Exercises 29鈥36, find the sample size required to estimate the population mean.

Mean Age of Female Statistics Students Data Set 1 鈥淏ody Data鈥 in Appendix B includes ages of 147 randomly selected adult females, and those ages have a standard deviation of 17.7 years. Assume that ages of female statistics students have less variation than ages of females in the general population, so let years for the sample size calculation. How many female statistics student ages must be obtained in order to estimate the mean age of all female statistics students? Assume that we want 95% confidence that the sample mean is within one-half year of the population mean. Does it seem reasonable to assume that ages of female statistics students have less variation than ages of females in the general population?

Formats of Confidence Intervals.

In Exercises 9鈥12, express the confidence interval using the indicated format. (The confidence intervals are based on the proportions of red, orange, yellow, and blue M&Ms in Data Set 27 鈥淢&M Weights鈥 in Appendix B.)

Orange M&Ms Express 0.179 < p < 0.321 in the form of p^E.

Determining Sample Size. In Exercises 31鈥38, use the given data to find the minimum sample size required to estimate a population proportion or percentage.

Airline Seating

You are the operations manager for American Airlines, and you are considering a higher fare level for passengers in aisle seats. You want to estimate the percentage of passengers who now prefer aisle seats. How many randomly selected air passengers must you survey? Assume that you want to be 95% confident that the sample percentage is within 2.5 percentage points of the true population percentage.

a. Assume that nothing is known about the percentage of passengers who prefer aisle seats.

b. Assume that a prior survey suggests that about 38% of air passengers prefer an aisle seat

(based on a 3M Privacy Filters survey).

Determining Sample Size. In Exercises 31鈥38, use the given data to find the minimum sample size required to estimate a population proportion or percentage.

Astrology

A sociologist plans to conduct a survey to estimate the percentage of adults who believe in astrology. How many people must be surveyed if we want a confidence level of 99% and a margin of error of four percentage points?

a. Assume that nothing is known about the percentage to be estimated.

b. Use the information from a previous Harris survey in which 26% of respondents said that they believed in astrology.

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