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Find a compound proposition involving the propositional variables \(p, q,\) and \(r\) that is true when \(p\) and \(q\) are true and \(r\) is false, but is false otherwise. [Hint: Use a conjunction of each propositional variable or its negation. \(]\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
p 鈭 q 鈭 卢r

Step by step solution

01

Identify Desired Truth Values

To solve the problem, note that the compound proposition must be true when: p is true, q is true, and r is false. We denote this as: p = T, q = T, r = F.
02

Create Individual Clauses

Construct clauses for each variable so that the proposition aligns with the desired outcomes:p should be true: use the clause p.q should be true: use the clause q.r should be false: use the clause 卢r.
03

Combine Clauses Using Conjunction

To ensure the compound proposition is true only when all the individual clauses are satisfied, combine them with a conjunction (AND):p AND q AND 卢r.
04

Write the Compound Proposition

Combine the individual clauses p, q, and 卢r into a single compound proposition:p 鈭 q 鈭 卢r.
05

Verify the Compound Proposition

Ensure that the compound proposition p 鈭 q 鈭 卢r is true only when p is true, q is true, and r is false, and false for any other combination of p, q, and r.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

compound proposition
A compound proposition is a statement formed by combining one or more simpler propositions using logical connectives. These connectives include AND, OR, and NOT. In our exercise, we combined three propositions: p, q, and 卢r, using the AND connective. The goal was to create a single proposition that is only true when specific conditions are met. For a compound proposition, it is essential to clearly understand the requirements and conditions that must be satisfied. In this case, the conditions were: p is true, q is true, and r is false. By understanding these conditions, we constructed individual clauses for each variable and then combined them using logical connectives to meet the desired outcome.
truth values
In propositional logic, each proposition can have a truth value: true (T) or false (F). The truth values help us evaluate the overall truth of a compound proposition based on its simpler components. In our specific problem, we determined the required truth values as follows:
  • p = T (true)
  • q = T (true)
  • r = F (false)
Using these values, we examined how to construct a proposition that fits precisely these criteria. By identifying the truth values first, we were able to design the compound proposition accordingly. Here鈥檚 how the truth values guided our construction: By asserting that p should be true, we included the clause p. Since q should also be true, we added q. Lastly, because r must be false, we used the negation 卢r. These truth values set the foundation for our final compound proposition.
conjunction
A conjunction is a logical connective that combines two or more propositions and returns true only if all the combined propositions are true. In mathematical notation, a conjunction is represented by the symbol 鈭. In our solution, we used a conjunction to combine the clauses for p, q, and 卢r. This was done as follows:
To ensure the compound proposition is true only when all the individual conditions are met, we wrote: p 鈭 q 鈭 卢r By using the conjunction, we formed a comprehensive statement that is true exclusively when p and q are true, and r is false. If any other combination of truth values is given, the conjunction will yield false. This precise control over truth outcomes is a powerful feature of logical connectives.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Translate each of these nested quantifications into an English statement that expresses a mathematical fact. The domain in each case consists of all real numbers. a) \(\exists x \forall y(x+y=y)\) b) \(\forall x \forall y(((x \geq 0) \wedge(y<0)) \rightarrow(x-y>0))\) c) \(\exists x \exists y(((x \leq 0) \wedge(y \leq 0)) \wedge(x-y>0))\) d) \(\forall x \forall y((x \neq 0) \wedge(y \neq 0) \leftrightarrow(x y \neq 0))\)

Use quantifiers to express the associative law for multiplication of real numbers.

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For each of these sets of premises, what relevant conclusion or conclusions can be drawn? Explain the rules of inference used to obtain each conclusion from the premises. a) 鈥淚f I play hockey, then I am sore the next day.鈥 鈥淚 use the whirlpool if I am sore.鈥 鈥淚 did not use the whirlpool.鈥 b) 鈥淚f I work, it is either sunny or partly sunny.鈥 鈥淚 worked last Monday or I worked last Friday.鈥 鈥淚t was not sunny on Tuesday.鈥 鈥淚t was not partly sunny on Friday.鈥 c) 鈥淎ll insects have six legs.鈥 鈥淒ragonflies are insects.鈥 鈥淪piders do not have six legs.鈥 鈥淪piders eat dragon-flies.鈥 d) 鈥淓very student has an Internet account.鈥 鈥淗omer does not have an Internet account.鈥 鈥淢aggie has an Internet account.鈥 e) 鈥淎ll foods that are healthy to eat do not taste good.鈥 鈥淭ofu is healthy to eat.鈥 鈥淵ou only eat what tastes good.鈥 鈥淵ou do not eat tofu.鈥 鈥淐heeseburgers are not healthy to eat.鈥 f ) 鈥淚 am either dreaming or hallucinating.鈥 鈥淚 am not dreaming.鈥 鈥淚f I am hallucinating, I see elephants running down the road.鈥

Exercises \(61-64\) are based on questions found in the book Symbolic Logic by Lewis Carroll. Let P(x), Q(x), and R(x) be the statements 鈥渪 is a clear explanation,鈥 鈥渪 is satisfactory,鈥 and 鈥渪 is an excuse,鈥 respectively. Suppose that the domain for x consists of all English text. Express each of these statements using quantifiers, logical connectives, and P(x), Q(x), and R(x). a) All clear explanations are satisfactory. b) Some excuses are unsatisfactory. c) Some excuses are not clear explanations. d) Does (c) follow from (a) and (b)?

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