/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 34 Let $$\mathbf{u}(t)=2 t^{3} \mat... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91Ó°ÊÓ

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Let $$\mathbf{u}(t)=2 t^{3} \mathbf{i}+\left(t^{2}-1\right) \mathbf{j}-8 \mathbf{k} \text { and } \mathbf{v}(t)=e^{t} \mathbf{i}+2 e^{-t} \mathbf{j}-e^{2 t} \mathbf{k}$$ Compute the derivative of the following functions. $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t})$$

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Find the derivative of the vector function $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t})$$, given that $$\mathbf{v}(t) = e^{t}\mathbf{i} + 2e^{-t}\mathbf{j} - e^{2t}\mathbf{k}$$. Answer: The derivative of the vector function $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t})$$ with respect to $$t$$ is given by $$\frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t}) = \left(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{t}}e^{\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{i}\right)+ \left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}e^{-\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{j}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}e^{2\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{k}\right)$$.

Step by step solution

01

Find the expression for $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t})$$

To find the expression for $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t})$$, we need to substitute $$t$$ with $$\sqrt{t}$$ in the definition of $$\mathbf{v}(t)$$: $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t}) = e^{\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{i} + 2 e^{-\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{j} - e^{2\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{k}$$
02

Compute the derivative (using chain rule)

Now let's compute the derivative of $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t})$$ with respect to $$t$$ using the chain rule. The chain rule states, if $$y = g(u)$$ and $$u = f(t)$$, then $$\frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{dy}{du} \cdot \frac{du}{dt}$$. In our case, we can apply this rule component-wise when deriving the expressions for $$\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t})$$: $$\frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t}) = \frac{d}{dt}\left(e^{\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{i} + 2 e^{-\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{j} - e^{2\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{k}\right)$$ $$= \left(\frac{d}{d\sqrt{t}} e^{\sqrt{t}} \cdot \frac{d\sqrt{t}}{dt} \mathbf{i}\right) + \left(\frac{d}{d\sqrt{t}} \left(2 e^{-\sqrt{t}}\right) \cdot \frac{d\sqrt{t}}{dt}\mathbf{j}\right) -\left(\frac{d}{d\sqrt{t}} e^{2\sqrt{t}} \cdot \frac{d\sqrt{t}}{dt} \mathbf{k}\right)$$ Now compute the necessary derivatives: $$\frac{d e^{\sqrt{t}}}{d\sqrt{t}} = e^{\sqrt{t}}$$ $$\frac{d (2 e^{-\sqrt{t}})}{d\sqrt{t}} = -2 e^{-\sqrt{t}}$$ $$\frac{d e^{2\sqrt{t}}}{d\sqrt{t}} = 2 e^{2\sqrt{t}}$$ $$\frac{d\sqrt{t}}{dt} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{t}}$$ Substitute the noted derivatives and simplify the expression: $$\frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{v}(\sqrt{t}) = \left(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{t}}e^{\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{i}\right)+ \left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}e^{-\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{j}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}e^{2\sqrt{t}} \mathbf{k}\right)$$

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chain Rule
The chain rule is a fundamental theorem in calculus that allows us to find the derivative of composite functions. It is especially useful when functions are nested within each other. The chain rule can be thought of as a tool for unwinding these nests to assess how the change in one variable affects the entire function.
Consider a situation where you have a variable that depends on another, which then depends on yet another variable. Mathematically, if we have a function \( y = g(u) \) and another function \( u = f(t) \), then the chain rule provides a way to find \( \frac{dy}{dt} \), the derivative of \( y \) with respect to \( t \). The chain rule formula is:
  • \( \frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{dy}{du} \cdot \frac{du}{dt} \)
To apply this in vector calculus, as in the original problem, the process extends to each component of a vector function. By breaking it down component by component, we use the chain rule to calculate the derivative of each term separately. This helps us determine how changing the parameter affects the entire vector function.
Derivative
The derivative is a core concept of calculus that measures how a function changes as its input changes. It quantifies the notion of rate of change and can be interpreted as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at any given point.
In vector calculus, derivatives are applied component-wise. This means for a vector function, each component (\( \, i\), \( \, j\), \( \, k\) directions) is differentiated individually to understand the overall change in the vector.
  • For example, if we have a vector \( \mathbf{v}(t) = e^t \mathbf{i} + 2e^{-t} \mathbf{j} - e^{2t} \mathbf{k} \), we differentiate each part separately.
  • This involves finding the derivative of exponential functions, which is a common calculus task. For an exponential function like \( e^t \), the derivative with respect to \( t \) is simply \( e^t \).
Derivatives allow us to understand various real-world problems, such as determining velocity from a position function, or acceleration from a velocity function, especially when the quantities are part of a multidimensional vector.
Parametric Equations
Parametric equations express a set of related quantities as explicit functions of an independent parameter, usually denoted by \( t \). Instead of a single equation linking \( x \) and \( y \), parametric equations describe both \( x = f(t) \) and \( y = g(t) \) separately.
They are useful for describing curves in the plane, common in physics and graphics, because they let us outline a curve using a parameter, rather than fixing it to a specific coordinate mode of description.
  • In the context of the original problem, parametric equations are used to define vector functions in terms of the parameter \( t \), like \( \mathbf{v}(t) = e^t \mathbf{i} + 2e^{-t} \mathbf{j} - e^{2t} \mathbf{k} \).
  • This allows us to manipulate and understand complex curves and paths in more than two dimensions.
By differentiating parametric equations with respect to \( t \), we can find out the rate of change of these quantities, conveying information such as velocity and direction when describing motion.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Use projections to find a general formula for the (smallest) distance between the point \(\left.P\left(x_{0}, y_{0}\right) \text { and the line } a x+b y=c . \text { (See Exercises } 62-65 .\right)\)

\(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) Consider the vectors \(\mathbf{I}=\langle 1 / \sqrt{2}, 1 / \sqrt{2}\rangle\) and \(\mathbf{J}=\langle-1 / \sqrt{2}, 1 / \sqrt{2}\rangle\). Write the vector \langle 2,-6\rangle in terms of \(\mathbf{I}\) and \(\mathbf{J}\).

Determine the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the lines \(\mathbf{r}(t)=\langle-2+3 t, 2 t, 3 t\rangle\) and \(\mathbf{R}(s)=\langle-6+s,-8+2 s,-12+3 s\rangle\) and passes through the point of intersection of the lines \(\mathbf{r}\) and \(\mathbf{R}\).

Given a fixed vector \(\mathbf{v},\) there is an infinite set of vectors \(\mathbf{u}\) with the same value of proj\(_{\mathbf{v}} \mathbf{u}\). Let \(\mathbf{v}=\langle 0,0,1\rangle .\) Give a description of all position vectors \(\mathbf{u}\) such that \(\operatorname{proj}_{\mathbf{v}} \mathbf{u}=\operatorname{proj}_{\mathbf{v}}\langle 1,2,3\rangle\).

In contrast to the proof in Exercise \(81,\) we now use coordinates and position vectors to prove the same result. Without loss of generality, let \(P\left(x_{1}, y_{1}, 0\right)\) and \(Q\left(x_{2}, y_{2}, 0\right)\) be two points in the \(x y\) -plane and let \(R\left(x_{3}, y_{3}, z_{3}\right)\) be a third point, such that \(P, Q,\) and \(R\) do not lie on a line. Consider \(\triangle P Q R\). a. Let \(M_{1}\) be the midpoint of the side \(P Q\). Find the coordinates of \(M_{1}\) and the components of the vector \(\overrightarrow{R M}_{1}\) b. Find the vector \(\overrightarrow{O Z}_{1}\) from the origin to the point \(Z_{1}\) two-thirds of the way along \(\overrightarrow{R M}_{1}\). c. Repeat the calculation of part (b) with the midpoint \(M_{2}\) of \(R Q\) and the vector \(\overrightarrow{P M}_{2}\) to obtain the vector \(\overrightarrow{O Z}_{2}\) d. Repeat the calculation of part (b) with the midpoint \(M_{3}\) of \(P R\) and the vector \(\overline{Q M}_{3}\) to obtain the vector \(\overrightarrow{O Z}_{3}\) e. Conclude that the medians of \(\triangle P Q R\) intersect at a point. Give the coordinates of the point. f. With \(P(2,4,0), Q(4,1,0),\) and \(R(6,3,4),\) find the point at which the medians of \(\triangle P Q R\) intersect.

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