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Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. It is calculated using the formula: \( K.E. = \frac{1}{2} m v^2 \), where:

• \( K.E. \) is the kinetic energy,
• \( m \) is the mass of the object, and
• \( v \) is its velocity.

To understand this concept, imagine a moving car. The faster it moves and the heavier it is, the more kinetic energy it has.
In the context of our exercise, the smaller fragment of the bomb has a given kinetic energy of 288 J. To find the velocity, we rearrange the kinetic energy formula to solve for \( v \). The calculation goes as follows: \[ v = \sqrt{\frac{2K.E.}{m}} \] This gives us a way to calculate how fast the smaller piece is moving based on its energy and mass.

Mass ratio refers to the relationship between the masses of two or more parts. In the exercise, the bomb splits into two parts with a mass ratio of 1:4. This means the mass of one fragment is one part of a total of five parts, and the other is four parts.
To find the actual masses of the fragments from the total 12 kg, use the following calculation:

• Mass of the smaller part: \( \frac{1}{(1+4)} \times 12 \text{ kg} \)
• Mass of the bigger part: \( \frac{4}{(1+4)} \times 12 \text{ kg} \)

This allows you to break down the total mass into the correct proportions based on the given ratio. Understanding mass ratios is crucial in numerous physics problems where distribution of mass affects outcome calculations, such as momentum and inertia.

Momentum is a key concept in physics, defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity. It's represented by the formula: \[ p = m \times v \], where:

• \( p \) is momentum,
• \( m \) is mass, and
• \( v \) is velocity.

Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. In our exercise, since the bomb was at rest before the explosion, its total initial momentum was zero. This means the momentum of the bigger part must be equal and opposite to that of the smaller part to maintain the overall system momentum as zero after the explosion. We use this conservation principle to find the momentum of the bigger part by first calculating the momentum of the smaller part and then reversing the direction.

Velocity is an important factor in physics problems when dealing with moving objects. To calculate velocity in such exercises, we often rearrange kinetic or momentum formulas.In our context, after calculating the mass of the smaller fragment and knowing its kinetic energy, we calculate its velocity using: \[ v = \sqrt{\frac{2K.E.}{m}} \].
Velocity directly affects both kinetic energy and momentum, making its accurate calculation crucial. Once you know the velocity of one part of the system, use it to calculate the momentum of that part. As an example in this task, the velocity of the smaller part helps to calculate its momentum. With the principle of conservation of momentum, the bigger part's velocity can indirectly be inferred, which concludes our problem-solving process.