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Classify each of the following as either a policy instrument or an intermediary target. Explain your answer.

a. Long-term interest rates

b. Central bank interest rates

c. M2

d. Reserve requirements

Short Answer

Expert verified

a. The Treasury bond rate is a mid-point target for completing or achieving the desired policy outcome. It is a mid-level goal because it has no direct impact on monetary or fiscal policy.

b. The monetary base is a policy structure that is used to keep the economy's liquidity stable.

c. M1 is an intermediate goal for other policy achievements. The reason for this is that M1 governs the liquid form of currency in circulation.

d. Because these rates are used to achieve monetary policy goals, they are considered an intermediate target rather than a policy instrument.

Step by step solution

01

 Step 1 : Concept Introduction

The term "treasury bond rate" refers to the interest rates paid by investors on treasury bonds, which are debt securities with maturities of more than ten but less than thirty years.

The monetary base refers to the total amount of currency in circulation in the economy, whether with the general public or commercial banks.

M1 is a type of money supply that consists of the most liquid forms of money, such as cash and other assets that can be easily converted into liquid money.

The federal fund rate, also known as the fed rate, is the overnight rate at which banks and/or credit unions lend to various institutions. These funds are uncollateralized funds given to institutions.

02

Explanation Part (a)  

The Treasury bond rate is a mid-point target for completing or achieving the desired policy outcome. It is a mid-level goal because it has no direct impact on monetary or fiscal policy. Bond rate determination is an economic activity that serves as a link between several other activities. As a result, it is not a policy instrument, but rather an intermediate goal.

03

 Step 3 : Explanation Part (b) 

The monetary base is a policy structure that is used to keep the economy's liquidity stable. Monetary policies are designed to manage liquidity, or to keep appropriate currency in circulation, by adjusting a number of macroeconomic variables.

As a result, the monetary base is a policy instrument rather than an intermediate target.

04

 Step 4 : Explanation Part (c) 

M1 is an intermediate goal for other policy achievements. The reason for this is that M1 governs the liquid form of currency in circulation, which is not the only factor influencing monetary or fiscal policies.

As a result, while it can aid in achieving stability, it is not a permanent policy.

05

 Step 5 : Explanation Part (d) 

Because these rates are used to achieve monetary policy goals, they are considered an intermediate target rather than a policy instrument.

As a result, they are used to achieve policy objectives.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

It is possible to access other central bank websites to learn about these banks鈥 structures. One example is the European Central Bank. Go to http://www.ecb.int/ index.html. On the ECB home page, find information about the ECB鈥檚 strategy for monetary policy.

. Go to the St. Louis Federal Reserve FRED database, and find data on the personal consumption expenditure price index (PCECTPI), real GDP (GDPC1), an estimate of potential GDP (GDPPOT), and the federal funds rate (DFF). For the price index, adjust the units setting to 鈥淧ercent Change From Year Ago鈥 to convert the data to the inflation rate; for the federal funds rate, change the frequency setting to 鈥淨uarterly.鈥 Download the data into a spreadsheet. Assuming the inflation target is 2% and the equilibrium real fed funds rate is 2%, calculate the inflation gap and the output gap for each quarter, from 2000 until the most recent quarter of data available. Calculate the output gap as the percentage deviation of output from the potential level of output.

a. Use the output and inflation gaps to calculate, for each quarter, the fed funds rate predicted by the Taylor rule. Assume that the weights on inflation stabilization and output stabilization are both 陆 (see the formula in the chapter). Compare the current (quarterly average) federal funds rate to the federal funds rate prescribed by the Taylor rule. Does the Taylor rule accurately predict the current rate? Briefly comment.

b. Create a graph that compares the predicted Taylor rule values with the actual quarterly federal funds rate averages. How well, in general, does the Taylor rule prediction fit the average federal funds rate? Briefly explain.

c. Based on the results from the 2008鈥2009 period, explain the limitations of the Taylor rule as a formal policy tool. How do these limitations help explain the use of nonconventional monetary policy during this period?

d. Suppose Congress changes the Fed鈥檚 mandate to a hierarchical one in which inflation stabilization takes priority over output stabilization. In this context, recalculate the predicted Taylor rule value for each quarter since 2000, assuming that the weight on inflation stabilization is 戮 and the weight on output stabilization is 录. Create a graph showing the Taylor rule prediction calculated in part (a), the prediction using the new 鈥渉ierarchical鈥 Taylor rule, and the fed funds rate. How, if at all, does changing the mandate change the predicted policy paths? How would the fed funds rate be affected by a hierarchical mandate? Briefly explain.

e. Assume again equal weights of 陆 on inflation and output stabilization, and suppose instead that beginning after the end of 2008, the equilibrium real fed funds rate declines by 0.05 each quarter (i.e. 2009:Q1 is 1.95, then 1.90, etc.), and once it reaches zero, it remains at zero thereafter. How does it affect the prescribed fed funds rate? Why might this be important for policymakers to take into consideration?

The Fed鈥檚 maximum employment mandate is generally interpreted as an attempt to achieve an unemployment rate that is as close as possible to the natural rate and inflation that is close to its 2%goal for personal consumption expenditure price inflation. Go to the St. Louis Federal Reserve FRED database, and find data on the personal consumption expenditure price index (PCECTPI), the unemployment rate (UNRATE), and a measure of the natural rate of unemployment (NROU). For the price index, adjust the units setting to 鈥淧ercent Change From Year Ago鈥 to convert the data to the inflation rate; for the unemployment rate, change the frequency setting to 鈥淨uarterly.鈥 Download the data into a spreadsheet. Calculate the unemployment gap and inflation gap for each quarter. Then, using the inflation gap, create an average inflation gap measure by taking the average of the current inflation gap and the gaps for the previous three quarters. Now apply the following (admittedly arbitrary and ad hoc) test to the data from 2000:Q1 through the most recent data available: If the unemployment gap is larger than 1.0for two or more consecutive quarters, and/ or the average inflation gap is larger in absolute value than 0.5for two or more consecutive quarters, consider the mandate 鈥渧iolated.鈥

a. Based on this ad hoc test, in which quarters has the Fed 鈥渧iolated鈥 the price stability portion of its mandate? In which quarters has the Fed 鈥渧iolated鈥 the maximum employment mandate?

b. Is the Fed currently 鈥渋n violation鈥 of its mandate?

c. Interpret your results. What does your response to part (a) and the data imply about the challenge that monetary policymakers face in achieving the Fed鈥檚 mandate perfectly at all times?

鈥淪ince financial crises can impart severe damage to the economy, a central bank鈥檚 primary goal should be to ensure stability in financial markets.鈥 Is this statement true, false, or uncertain? Explain.

Why is a public announcement of numerical inflation rate objectives important to the success of an inflation-targeting central bank?

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