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Fixed costs are the expenses that a business incurs regardless of the level of production or sales. These costs do not change with the fluctuation in production levels and tend to be time-related, such as rent for a building or salaries for employees.

In economics, the short-run refers to a period of time where at least one production input is fixed, such as capital or machinery. In this time frame, it is not possible to change all the factors of production. On the other hand, the long-run is a time period where all factors of production can be adjusted and changed in response to economic conditions. This means that in the long-run, businesses have the flexibility to vary the levels of all inputs, including fixed costs.

In the long-run, the concept of fixed costs becomes less clear, as all factors of production are variable. In theory, there are no truly fixed costs since businesses can make changes to all inputs, including those that were initially fixed in the short-run. For example, a business may downsize or move to a new location in order to reduce their rent expenses. Similarly, a company can restructure employee contracts to lower salary expenses. However, it is important to note that while in theory, there are no fixed costs in the long-run, in reality, businesses may still face some fixed costs due to contractual obligations, legal constraints, or practical limitations. In conclusion, although the distinction between fixed and variable costs becomes less clear in the long-run, and there are no truly fixed costs in theory, it is still necessary to consider some costs as fixed in practice.