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Property rights are the legal rights or claims a person or an organization has to a specific resource, such as land, buildings, or any other property. These rights allow the owner to use, manage, derive income from, sell, or bequeath the property.

External costs refer to the costs that are imposed on third parties not directly involved in an economic transaction, but who still bear some of the consequences. These costs are not reflected in the price of goods or services and are often associated with negative externalities, such as pollution, traffic congestion, and noise.

Better-defined property rights are clear, enforceable, and transferable. It means that the owner has full legal authority to manage the property, as well as the ability to transfer or sell it. Moreover, these rights provide protection against infringement by others, enabling the owner to seek compensation or impose penalties if someone violates their property rights.

Better-defined property rights provide incentives for individuals and firms to account for external costs in their decision-making. The reason behind this is that when property rights are clearly defined and enforceable, property owners have an incentive to minimize the negative effects of their actions on others, as they could be held responsible for the damages. Additionally, if external costs are internalized, it leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, resulting in the optimal level of production or consumption. For example, suppose a factory emits a considerable amount of pollution when producing a product. If the property rights of the nearby landowners are well-defined, they have a clear legal claim against the factory owner for the damage caused by the pollution. In this case, the factory owner will have an incentive to invest in pollution reduction measures, thus internalizing the external cost of the pollution.

Better-defined property rights lead to economic efficiency by allowing individuals and firms to make decisions that take into account external costs. With clear and enforceable property rights, external costs can be internalized, leading to a more accurate representation of the true costs of production or consumption, and ultimately resulting in optimal resource allocation. In conclusion, better-defined property rights play a vital role in incentivizing individuals and firms to account for external costs in their decision-making. By doing so, they contribute to a more efficient allocation of resources and improve economic efficiency.