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Chapter 26: Q25P (page 1342)

Zytel庐finds extensive use in the automotive and electronics industries. Zytel庐 has the structure shown.

  1. What functional group is contained in the Zytel庐 structure?
  2. Is Zytel庐 a chain-growth polymer or a step-growth polymer?
  3. Draw the products that would be formed if the polymer were completely hydrolyzed under acidic or basic conditions.

Short Answer

Expert verified
  1. Zytel is a polyurea.
  2. A polyurea is a step-growth polymer.

Step by step solution

01

Step-1. Explanation of part (a) and (b):

A polyurea is formed from an isocyanate reacting with a multifunctional amine. Polyurea reaction is much faster than the polyurethane one, and the systems can gel within few seconds after mixing. Zytel is a polyurea.

Zytel is a step-growth polymer and undergoes step-growth polymerisation in which formation of polymer occurs from bi-functional or multifunctional monomers. Step-growth polymerization does not require initiators and shows no termination.

02

Step-2. Explanation of part (c):

Zytel when undergoes hydrolysis in acidic or basic conditions, forms diamine and carbon dioxide gas get released. Bond cleavage occurs between nitrogen and carbon bond which further results in the formation of products such as diamine and carbon dioxide which are formed due to the coupling reaction.

Formation of products when Zytel undergoes complete hydrolysis

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Most popular questions from this chapter

One of the earliest commercial plastics was BakeliteR, formed by the reaction of phenol with a little more than one equivalent of formaldehyde under acidic or basic conditions. Bayer first discovered this reaction in 1872, and practical methods for casting and molding. Bakelite were developed around 1909. Phenol-formaldehyde plastics and resins (also called phenolics) are highly cross-linked because each phenol ring has three sites (two ortho and one para) that can be linked by condensation with formaldehyde. Suggest a general structure for a phenol-formaldehyde resin, and propose a mechanism for its formation under acidic conditions. (Hint: Condensation of phenol with formaldehyde resembles the condensation of phenol with acetone, used in Problem 26-17, to make bisphenol A.)

Chain branching occurs in cationic polymerization much as it does in free-radical polymerization. Propose a mechanism to show how branching occurs in the cationic polymerization of styrene. Suggest why isobutylene might be a better monomer for cationic polymerization than styrene.

(a) Nomex庐, a strong fire-resistant fabric, is a polyamide made from meta-phthalic acid and meta-diaminobenzene. Draw the structure of Nomex.

(b) Kevlar庐, made from terephthalic acid (para-phthalic acid) and para-diaminobenzene, is used in making tire cord and bulletproof vests. Draw the structure of Kevlar.

Chain branching is not as common with anionic polymerization as it is with free-radical polymerization and cationic polymerization.

  1. Propose a mechanism for chain branching in the polymerization of acrylonitrile.
  2. Compare the relative stabilities of the intermediates in this mechanism with those you drew for chain branching in the cationic polymerization of styrene (Problem 26-6). Explain why chain branching is less common in this anionic polymerization.

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