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Chapter 4: Problem 54

For each of the following elements, use the tables on the inside cover of this book to give the chemical symbol, atomic number, and group number of each element, and to specify whether the element is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. a. lithium b. arsenic c. radon d. radium e. germanium

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. Lithium (Li) - atomic number 3, Group 1, metal. b. Arsenic (As) - atomic number 33, Group 15, metalloid. c. Radon (Rn) - atomic number 86, Group 18, nonmetal. d. Radium (Ra) - atomic number 88, Group 2, metal. e. Germanium (Ge) - atomic number 32, Group 14, metalloid.

Step by step solution

01

a. Lithium

Lithium can be found in the periodic table with the chemical symbol "Li". It has an atomic number of 3 and belongs to Group 1, which is known as the alkali metals. Therefore, lithium is classified as a metal.
02

b. Arsenic

Arsenic can be found in the periodic table with the chemical symbol "As". It has an atomic number of 33 and belongs to Group 15. Arsenic is a metalloid, as it has properties common to both metals and nonmetals.
03

c. Radon

Radon can be found in the periodic table with the chemical symbol "Rn". It has an atomic number of 86 and belongs to Group 18, which is known as the noble gases. Radon is classified as a nonmetal, as all noble gases are nonmetals.
04

d. Radium

Radium can be found in the periodic table with the chemical symbol "Ra". It has an atomic number of 88 and belongs to Group 2, which is known as the alkaline earth metals. As part of this group, radium is classified as a metal.
05

e. Germanium

Germanium can be found in the periodic table with the chemical symbol "Ge". It has an atomic number of 32 and belongs to Group 14. Like arsenic, germanium is also a metalloid, as it has properties of both metals and nonmetals.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chemical Symbol
The chemical symbol is a one or two-letter abbreviation derived from the element's name, often in Latin. It serves as a universal shorthand for identifying chemical elements on the periodic table. Each element has a unique chemical symbol that simplifies scientific communication. For example:
  • Lithium is represented as 'Li'.
  • Arsenic is represented as 'As'.
  • Germanium is represented as 'Ge'.
These symbols enable easy identification and help in writing chemical equations and formulas efficiently.
Atomic Number
The atomic number of an element is a fundamental property that signifies the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the identity of an element and its position on the periodic table. The periodic table is organized in increasing order according to atomic numbers:
  • For instance, lithium has an atomic number of 3, meaning it has 3 protons.
  • Radon with an atomic number of 86 has 86 protons.
The atomic number also dictates the chemical behavior of the element, influencing its reactivity and bonding with other elements.
Metals
Metals are one of the primary classifications of elements on the periodic table. They are typically characterized by their ability to conduct electricity and heat, malleability, ductility, and a shiny appearance. Most metals are found on the left side of the periodic table. Metals often lose electrons to form positive ions in chemical reactions. Key features include:
  • Lithium and radium are metals, as lithium belongs to the alkali metals and radium to the alkaline earth metals.
  • Both are good conductors of electricity and have a metallic shine.
Metals are crucial in many industries and everyday products, ranging from construction to electronics.
Nonmetals
Nonmetals are elements found primarily on the right side of the periodic table, with distinct features from metals. They are usually not shiny, have lower densities, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals tend to gain or share electrons in chemical reactions. Radon is a classic example of a nonmetal:
  • As a noble gas, radon is colorless, odorless, and chemically inert, making it distinct from typical nonmetals.
Nonmetals play vital roles in both organic and inorganic chemistry and are essential for life, with elements like oxygen and carbon being nonmetallic.
Metalloids
Metalloids display properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals, earning their classification based on the shared qualities they exhibit. They are located along the staircase line on the periodic table. These elements are semiconductors, an essential property for the electronics industry. Arsenic and germanium are examples of metalloids:
  • Arsenic possesses both metallic luster and brittle nonmetallic characteristics.
  • Germanium is used extensively in semiconductors and exhibits both metallic and nonmetallic behaviors.
The unique dual characteristics of metalloids make them invaluable in various scientific and technological fields.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Write the atomic symbol \(\left(\frac{A}{Z} X\right)\) for each of the isotopes described below. a. \(Z=8,\) number of neutrons \(=9\) b. the isotope of chlorine in which \(A=37\) c. \(Z=27, A=60\) d. number of protons \(=26,\) number of neutrons \(=\) 31 e. the isotope of I with a mass number of 131 f. \(Z=3,\) number of neutrons \(=4\)

The principal goal of alchemists was to convert cheaper, more common metals into gold. Considering that gold had no particular practical uses (for example, it was too soft to be used for weapons), why do you think early civilizations placed such emphasis on the value of gold?

The letters \(C, S,\) and \(T\) have been very popular when naming the elements, and there are ten or more elements whose names begin with each of these letters. Without looking in your textbook, see if you can list the symbol and name of five elements for each letter.

Write the formula for each of the following substances, listing the elements in the order given. a. a molecule containing three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms b. a compound containing two nitrogen atoms for every oxygen atom c. a compound containing half as many barium atoms as iodine atoms d. a compound containing aluminum atoms and also three times as many chlorine atoms as there are aluminum atoms e. a sugar whose molecules contain 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms f. a compound that contains twice as many potassium atoms as carbon atoms, and three times as many oxygen atoms as carbon atoms

Is it possible for the same two elements to form more than one compound? Is this consistent with Dalton's atomic theory? Give an example.
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